Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

between a hundred and two hundred people

1 ♦ between

♦ between /bɪˈtwi:n/
A prep.

1 tra, fra (rif. di solito a due persone, cose o gruppi): The Atlantic Ocean lies between Europe and America, l'Oceano Atlantico si estende fra l'Europa e l'America; I commute between Reading and London, faccio il pendolare tra Reading e Londra; A knowing look passed between them, si sono scambiati uno sguardo d'intesa; between meals, fra i pasti; fra un pasto e l'altro; children between 8 and 12, i bambini tra gli otto e i dodici anni; to choose between two options, scegliere tra due opzioni; between two fires, fra due fuochi

2 (rif. a due o più, con l'idea di condivisione) tra; insieme; unendo gli sforzi: We collected a hundred pounds between us, raccogliemmo tra tutti cento sterline; Jack and the woman between them they lifted the trunk, Jack e la donna hanno sollevato insieme il baule; We finished the cake between us, tra tutti e due abbiamo finito la torta; One bathroom had to be shared between ten people, un bagno doveva servire a dieci persone; Between the house, the kids, and everything, I'm rushed off my feet, tra la casa, i bambini e tutto il resto, sono sempre di corsa

B avv.

1 in mezzo ( a due cose o persone): I can see nothing between, non vedo niente in mezzo

2 nell'intervallo ( di tempo); in mezzo

● between the devil and the deep blue sea (o, fam., between a rock and a hard place), fra l'incudine e il martello □ between ourselves (o between you and me; fam. between you, me and the gatepost o the bedpost), detto fra noi; in confidenza □ (in) between times (o whiles), negli intervalli □ to come between ► to come □ in between, in mezzo a; in un punto tra; una via di mezzo tra; tra l'uno e l'altro; tra i due estremi; in mezzo: somewhere in between my place and the school, a un certo punto tra casa mia e la scuola; a colour that is in between green and grey, un colore che è una via di mezzo tra il verde e il grigio; in between mouthfuls, tra un boccone e l'altro; in between sneezes, tra uno starnuto e l'altro; There was nothing in between to block the view, in mezzo non c'era nulla che impedisse la vista □ to stand between ► to stand.

English-Italian dictionary > ♦ between
2 CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE

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   ■. Portuguese Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1922, 1970 (2nd edition, B. Vidigal, ed.).

   ■ Bleiberg, German, Maureen Ihrie, and Janet Pérez, eds. Dictionary of the Literature of the Iberian Peninsula, 2 vols. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1993.

   ■ Castro, Francisco Lyon de, ed. História da literatura portuguesa, 7 vols. Lisbon: Alfa, 2001-02.

   ■ Cidade, Hernani. Lições de Cultura e Literatura Portuguesa, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1960-62.

   ■ Cook, Manuela. Portuguese: A Complete Course for Beginners. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1996. Figueiredo, Fidelino. História literária de Portugal. Coimbra, 1944. Gentile, Georges Le. La Littérature Portugaise. Rev. ed. Paris, 1951. Kunoff, Hugo. Portuguese Literature from Its Origins to 1990: A Bibliography Based on the Collections at Indiana University. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1994.

   ■ Longland, Jean. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry. A Bilingual Selection. Irvington-on-Hudson: Harvey House, 1966. Prado Coelho, Jacinto do. Dicionário das Literaturas Portuguesas, Galega e Brasileira, 3rd ed. Oporto, 1978. Rossi, Giuseppe C. Storia della letteratura portoghesa. Florence, 1953.

   ■ Santos, João Camilo dos. "Portuguese Contemporary Literature." In Antônio Costa Pinto, ed., Modern Portugal, 218-42. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.

   ■ Saraiva, Antônio José. História da cultura em Portugal, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1950-60.

   ■. História da Literatura Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1990 ed.

   ■, and Oscar Lopes. História da Literatura Portuguesa. Oporto and Coimbra, 1992 ed.

   ■ Seguier, Jaime de, ed. Dicionário Prático Ilustrado. Oporto: Lello, 1961 and later eds.

   ■ Simões, João Gaspar. História da poesia portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1955-56 and later eds.

   ■. História da poesia portuguesa do século XX. Lisbon, 1959 and later eds.

   ■ Stern, Irwin, ed.-in-chief. Dictionary of Brazilian Literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1988.

   ■ TRAVEL AND TOURIST GUIDES ON PORTUGAL

   ■ Adragão, José Victor. The Algarve: The Land, the Sea and Its People. Lisbon, 1988.

   ■ Ballard, Sam, and Jane Ballard. Pousadas of Portugal: Unique Lodgings in State-owned Castles, Palaces, Mansions and Hotels. Boston: Harvard Common, 1986.

   ■ Bridge, Ann, and Susan Lowndes Marques. The Selective Traveller in Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1968.

   ■ Ellingham, Mark, et al. Portugal: The Rough Guide. London: Rough Guides, 2008 ed.

   ■ Hogg, Anthony. Travellers' Portugal. London: Solo Mio, 1983.

   ■ Kite, Cynthia, and Ralph Kite. Portuguese Country Inns & Pousadas. New York: Warner Books; Karen Brown's Country Inn Series, 1988.

   ■ Lowndes, Susan, ed. Fodor's Portugal 1991. New York: Fodor's, 1990.

   ■ Proença Raúl, and Sant'anna Dionísio, eds. Guía De Portugal. I. Generalidades. Lisboa E, Arredores. Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1924; 1983.

   ■ Robertson, Ian. Portugal: Blue Guide. London: Benn; New York: Norton, 2000 and later eds.

   ■ Stoop, Anne de. Living in Portugal. Paris and New York: Flammarion, 1995. Wright, David, and Patrick Swift. Minho and North Portugal: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1968.

   ■. Lisbon: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1971.

   ■. Algarve: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1973.

   ■ HISTORY OF PORTUGAL Ancient and Medieval (2000 BCE-1415 CE)

   ■ Alarção, Jorge de. Roman Portugal. Volume I: Introduction. Warminster, U.K., 1988.

   ■ Almeida, Fortunato de. História de Portugal. Vol. I. Coimbra, 1922. Arnaut, Salvador Dias. A Crise Nacional dos fins do século XVI. Vol. 1. Coimbra, 1960.

   ■ Baião, Antônio, Hernani Cidade, and Manuel Múrias, eds. História de Expansão Portuguesa no Mundo, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1937-40. Caetano, Marcello. Lições de História do Direito Português. Coimbra, 1962. Cortesão, Jaime. Os Factores Democráticos no Formação de Portugal. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■ David, Pierre. Etudes Historiques sur la Galice et le Portugal du VI au XII siécle. Paris, 1947.

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   ■ Gonzaga de Azevedo, Luís. História de Portugal, 6 vols. Lisbon, 1939-44.

   ■ Herculano, Alexandre. História de Portugal, 8 vols., 9th ed. Lisbon, 1940.

   ■ Kennedy, Hugh. Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Anda-lus. London: Longman, 1996.

   ■ Lencastre e Tavora, Luía Gonzaga. O Estudo da Sigilografia Medieval Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1990.

   ■ Livermore, H. V. The Origins of Spain and Portugal. London: Allen & Unwin, 1971.

   ■ Lopes, David. "Os Árabes nas obras de Alexandre Herculano." Boletim da Segunda Classe. Lisbon: Academia Real das Sciéncias, III (1909-10). MacKendrick, Paul. The Iberian Stones Speak. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1969.

   ■ Martinez, Pedro Soares. História Diplomática De Portugal [chapter I, 114315]. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Mattoso, José, ed. A Nobreza Medieval Portuguesa: A Família e o Poder. Lisbon: Estampa, 1981.

   ■. Religião e cultura na Idade Média Portuguesa. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1982.

   ■. Identificaçao de um país ( ensaio sobre as orígens de Portugal), 2 vols. Lisbon: Estampa, 1985.

   ■. Novos Ensaios de História Medieval Portuguesa. Lisbon: Edit. Presença, 1988.

   ■. Historia de Portugal. Vol. 2: A Monarquia Feudal ( 1096-1480). Lisbon: Estampa, 1993.

   ■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. Hansa e Portugal na Idade Média. Lisbon, 1959.

   ■. Introduçao à História da Agricultura em Portugal. Lisbon, 1968.

   ■. Daily Life in Portugal in the Middle Ages. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1971.

   ■. Ensaios de História Medieval Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1980.

   ■. "Introduçao à História da Cidade Medieval Portuguesa." Bracara Augusta XXV, 92-93 (January-December 1981): 367-87.

   ■. Guía do Estudante de História Medieval Portuguesa, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■. Portugal Na Crise Dos Séculos XIV e XV-Vol. IV of Serrão and Oliveira Marques, Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Peres, Damião de, ed. História de Portugal. Vols. I, II. Barcelos, 1928-29.

   ■ Rau, Virginia. Subsídios para o estudo das Feiras Medievais Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1943.

   ■. Sesma'rias Medievais Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1946.

   ■ Ribeiro, Orlando. "Portugal, formação de." Dicionário da História de Portugal. Vol. III, 432-51. Lisbon, 1966.

   ■ Rogers, Francis M. The Travels of the Infante Dom Pedro of Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1961.

   ■ Russell, P. E. The English Intervention in Spain and Portugal in the Time of Edward III and Richard II. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1955.

   ■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1968.

   ■ Silva, Armando Coelho Ferreira. A Cultura Castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Pacos de Ferreira, 1986.

   ■ Varagnac, André. O Homem antes da Escrita ( Pre-história). Lisbon, 1963.

   ■ Imperial and Early Modern (1415-1822)

   ■ Azevedo, J. Lúcio de. História de António de Vieira, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1918-20.

   ■. Épocas de Portugal Económico. Lisbon, 1929.

   ■ Borges de Macedo, Jorge. Problemas de História de Indústria Portuguesa no Século X VIII. Lisbon, 1963.

   ■. "Pombal." Dicionário de História de Portugal. Vol. III, 415-23. Lisbon, 1968.

   ■ Bovill, Edward W. The Battle of the Alcazar: An Account of the Defeat of Dom Sebastian at El-Ksar el-Kebir. London, 1952.

   ■ Boxer, C. R. Four Centuries of Portuguese Expansion, 1415-1825: A Succinct Survey. Johannesburg, South Africa: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1961.

   ■. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969.

   ■. João de Barros: Portuguese Humanist and Historian of Asia. New Delhi, India: Xavier Centre, 1981.

   ■ Cheke, Marcus. Dictator of Portugal: A Life of the Marquis of Pombal, 16991782. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1938.

   ■ Cunha, Luís da. Testamento Político. Lisbon, 1820.

   ■ Davidson, Lillias C. Catherine of Bragança. London: John Murray, 1908.

   ■ Dutra, Francis A. "Membership in the Order of Christ in the Seventeenth Century." The Americas 27 (1970): 3-25.

   ■ Eberlein, H. D., and R. W. Ramsdell. The Practical Book of Italian, Spanish and Portuguese Furniture. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1927.

   ■ Ericeira, Luís de Meneses [Count of]. História de Portugal Restaurado, 4 vols. Oporto, 1945.

   ■ Fisher, H. E. S. "Anglo-Portuguese Trade, 1700-70." Economic History Review XVI, 2 (1963): 219-33.

   ■. The Portugal Trade: A Study of Anglo-Portuguese Commerce, 1700- 1770. London: Methuen, 1971.

   ■ Francis, A. D. The Methuens and Portugal: 1691-1708. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966.

   ■. Portugal, 1715-1808. London: Tamesis, 1985.

   ■ Hanson, Carl A. Economy and Society in Baroque Portugal, 1668-1703. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1981.

   ■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. New York: AMS Press, 1968 reprint.

   ■ Kendrick, T. D. The Lisbon Earthquake. London: Methuen, 1956.

   ■ Livermore, H. V. "The Privileges of an Englishman in the Kingdom and Dominions of Portugal." Atlante 11 (1954): 57-77.

   ■ Macauley, Neil. Dom Pedro: The Struggle for Liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1986.

   ■ Macauley, Rose. They Went to Portugal. London: Jonathan Cape, 1946.

   ■. They Went to Portugal, Too. London: Carcanet, 1990.

   ■ Magalhães Godinho, Vitorino. Prix et Monnaies au Portugal. Paris, 1955.

   ■. "Portugal and Her Empire." In New Cambridge Modern History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Vol. V (1961): 384-97; Vol. VI (1961): 509-10.

   ■. A Economia dos descobrimentos henri-quinos. Lisbon, 1962.

   ■. Estructura da Antiga Sociedade Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Mauro, Frédéric. Le Portugal et l'Atlantique au XVII siécle ( 1570-1670). Paris: SEVPEN, 1960.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth. "Pombal and the Nationalization of the Luso-Brazilian Economy." Hispanic American Historical Review XLVIII (November 1968): 608-31.

   ■. Conflicts and Conspiracies: Brazil and Portugal, 1750-1808. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973.

   ■ Norris, A. H., and R. W. Bremner. The Lines of Torres Vedras. Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal, 1980.

   ■ Oliveira, Antônio de. A Vida Económica e Social de Coimbra de 1537 à 1640, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1971-72.

   ■ Prestage, Edgar. The Royal Power and the Cortes in Portugal. Watford, U.K.: Voss & Michael, 1927.

   ■. Portuguese Pioneers. London: Black, 1933.

   ■. "The Mode of Government in Portugal during the Restoration [1640-68] Period." In Edgar Prestage, ed., Melange d'Etudes Portugaises Offerts a M. Georges Le Gentil, 265-70. Lisbon, 1949.

   ■ Rabassa, Gregory. "Padre Antônio Vieira: Portugal's Amazing Polymath." Camões Centre Quarterly 2, 3-4 (Autumn and Winter 1990): 27-32. Rau, Virginia. D. Catarina de Bragança: Rainha de Inglaterra. Lisbon, 1944. Ricard, Robert. "Prophecy and Messianism in the Works of Antônio Vieira." The Americas 37 (1960): 357-88.

   ■ Roche, T. W. E. Philippa: Dona Filipa of Portugal. London: Phillimore, 1971.

   ■ Rogers, Francis M. The Travels of the Infante Dom Pedro of Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1961.

   ■ Rooney, Peter T. "Hapsburg Fiscal Policies in Portugal, 1580-1640." Journal of European Economic History 23, 3 (1994): 545-62.

   ■ Roth, Cecil. "The Religion of the Marranos." Jewish Quarterly Review 22 (1931): 1-33.

   ■. A History of the Marranos. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1932.

   ■ Saraiva, Antônio José. Inquisição e Cristãos-Novos. Oporto, 1969.

   ■. A Inquisição Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1969 and later eds.

   ■ Schneider, Susan. O Marquês De Pombal E O Vinho Do Porto: Dependência e subdesenvolvimento em Portugal no século XVIII. Lisbon, 1980.

   ■ Shaw, L. M. E. Trade, Inquisition and the English Nation in Portugal, 16401690. London: Carcancet, 1989.

   ■ Shillington, V. M., and A. B. W. Chapman. The Commercial Relations of England and Portugal. London: Routledge, 1907.

   ■ Sideri, Sandro. Trade and Power: Informal Colonialism in Anglo-Portuguese Relations. Rotterdam: Rotterdam University Press, 1970.

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   ■ Thomas, Gerturde Z. Richer Than Spices. New York: Knopf, 1965. Walford, A. R. The British Factory in Lisbon. Lisbon, 1940.

   ■ Constitutional Monarchy and Liberalism (1822-1910)

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   ■ Cheke, Marcus. Carlota Joaquina, Queen of Portugal. London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1947.

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   ■ Parliamentary, Republican Portugal (1910-26)

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   ■ Antunes, José Freire. Os Americanos E Portugal. Vol. 1. Os anos de Ricard Nixon, 1969-1974. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■. Os Americanos e Portugal. 1961. Kennedy e Salazar: O Leão e a Raposa. Lisbon, 1991.

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   ■ The Military

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   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. Republican Portugal: A Political History ( 1910-1926). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978, 1998.

   ■. A Ditadura Militar Portuguesa ( 1926-1933). Mem Martins: Europa- America, 1988.

   ■. "The Military and the Portuguese Dictatorship, 1926-1974: "The Honor of the Army." In Lawrence S. Graham and Harry M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents. 191-219. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■ Government and Politics since 1974

   ■ Aguiar, Joaquim. "Hidden Fluidity in an Ultra-Stable Party System." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 101-27. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Braga da Cruz, Manuel, ed. Sistema Eleitoral Portugües: Debate Político e Parlamentar. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional/ Casa da Moeda, 1998.

   ■, ed. "Portugal Político 25 Anos Depois." In Análise Social XXXV, 154/155 (Summer, 2000): 1-404.

   ■ Bruneau, Thomas C., and Alex Macleod. Politics in Contemporary Portugal: Parties and the Consolidation of Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1986.

   ■ Bruneau, Thomas C., ed. Political Parties and Democracy in Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1997. Carlucci, Frank. "Confiei no Povo Portugues." Visao (Lisbon), April 10, 1997, 46-47.

   ■. "The View from the U.S. Embassy." In Hans Binnendijk, ed., Authoritarian Regimes in Transition. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of State, Foreign Service Institute, Center for the Study of Foreign Affairs, 1987.

   ■ Coelho, Mário Baptista, ed. Portugal. O Sistema Política a Constitucional, 1974-87. Lisbon: Instituto de Ciências Sociais, UNL, 1989.

   ■ Costa Pinto, Antonio. "Settling Accounts with the Past in a Troubled Transition to Democracy: The Portuguese Case." In Alexandra Barahona De Brito, Carmen Gonzalez-Enriquez, and Paloma Aguilar, eds., The Politics of Memory: Transitional Justice in Democratizing Societies, 65-91. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

   ■ Cruzeiro, Maria Manuela. Costa Gomes-o Ultimo Marechal. Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 1998.

   ■ Domingos, Emídio Da Veiga. Portugal Político. Análise das Instituiçoes. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Goldey, David. "Elections and the Consolidation of Portuguese Democracy: 1974-1983." Electoral Studies 2, 3 (1983): 229-40.

   ■ Graham, Lawrence S. "Institutionalizing Democracy: Governance in Post-1974 Portugal." In Ali Farazmand, ed., Handbook of Comparative and Development Public Administration, 81-90. New York: Dekker, 1991.

   ■, and Douglas L. Wheeler, eds. In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Gunther, Richard. "Spain and Portugal." In G. A. Dorfman and P. J. Duignan, eds., Politics in Western Europe, 186-236. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1988.

   ■ Magone, José Maria. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. Basingstoke, U.K.: Macmillan, 1997.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

   ■, ed. Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth R., and Scott C. Monje, eds. Portugal: The Constitution and the Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-1989. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Camões Center Special Report No. 2, Columbia University, 1991.

   ■ Opello, Walter C., Jr. "The New Parliament in Portugal." Legislative Studies Quarterly, 3 (May 1978): 309-334.

   ■. "Local Government and Political Culture in a Portuguese Rural County." Comparative Politics 13 (April 1981): 271-89.

   ■. "Portugal's Administrative Elite: Social Origins and Political Attitudes." West European Politics 6 (Jan. 1983): 63-74.

   ■. Portugal's Political Development: A Comparative Approach. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1985.

   ■ Pinto Balsemão, Francisco. "The Constitution and Politics: Options for the Future." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 197-232. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Sartori, Giovanni. "Portugal." In Sartori, G, ed., Parties and Party Systems. Vol. 1, 131-45. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976. Secretary of State for Mass Communications. Constitution of the Portuguese Republic [1976]. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Contemporary Portugal since 1974

   ■ Aguiar, Joaquim. A Ilusão do poder: Analise do Sistema Partidário, 19761982. Lisbon, 1983. Almeida, Diniz de. Orígens e Evolução do Movimento dos Capitães. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■. Ascensao, Apogeu e Queda do MFA, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Alves, Márcio Moreira. Les Soldats Socialistes du Portugal. Paris: Gallimard, 1975.

   ■ Antunes, José Freire. Sá Carneiro: Um Meteoro Nos Anos Setenta. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■. O Segredo do 25 de Novembro. Mem Martins, 1983.

   ■ Arouca, Manuel. Os Filhos Da Costa Do Sol. Mem Martins, 1989. Audibert, Pierre, and Daniel Brignon. Portugal: Les nouveaux centurions. Paris, 1974.

   ■ Baptista, Jacinto. Caminhos para uma revolução. Lisbon, 1975. Barreto, Antônio. Memórias da Reforma Agrária. Mem Martins: Europa-Amé-rica, 1983.

   ■, and C. V. Preto, eds. A Situação Social em Portugal, 1960-1996. Lisbon: Instituto de Ciências Sociais, 1996.

   ■ Bermeo, Nancy Gina. "Worker Management in Industry: Reconciling Representative Government and Industrial Democracy in a Polarized Society." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 181-98. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■. The Revolution within the Revolution: Workers' Control in Rural Portugal. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986.

   ■ Braeckman, Colette. Portugal: Revolution surveilée. Brussels: Rossei, 1975.

   ■ Braga da Cruz, Manuel. "O Presidente da República na génese e evolução do sistema de governor portugües." Análise social XXIX, 125-26 (1994): 237-65.

   ■, coord. "Portugal Político 25 Anos Depois." Análise Social XXXV, 154/155 (Summer 2000): 1-404. Bruneau, Thomas C. "Popular Support for Democracy in Post-revolutionary Portugal: Results from a Survey." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 21-42. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■. Politics and Nationhood: Post-Revolutionary Portugal. New York: Praeger, 1984.

   ■. "Portugal Fifteen Years after the April Revolution." Field Staff Reports ( 1989-90/ No. 1, Europe), 3-11. Indianapolis, Ind.: Universities Field Staff International, 1990.

   ■, and Alex Macleod. Politics in Contemporary Portugal: Parties and the Consolidation of Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1986.

   ■ Carvalho, Ortelo Saraiva de. Cinco Meses Mudaram Portugal. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. Alvorada em Abril. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Cid, Augusto. PREC-Processo Revolucionário Eventualmente Chocante. Viseu, 1977.

   ■ Costa Lobo, Marina, and Pedro C. Magalhaes. "From 'Third Wave' to 'Third Way': Europe and the Portuguese Socialists (1975-1999)," Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans 3, no. 1 (2001), 25-35.

   ■ Costa Pinto, Antônio, ed. Modern Portugal. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.

   ■, and Nuno Severiano Teixeira, eds. Southern Europe and the Making of the European Union. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2002.

   ■ Cunhal, Alvaro. A Revolução Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Dias, Eduardo Mayone. Portugal's Secret Jews: The End of an Era. Rumford, R.I.: Peregrinação Publications, 1999.

   ■ Downs, Charles. "Comissões de Moradores and Urban Struggles in Revolutionary Portugal." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 4 (1986): 267-94.

   ■. Revolution at the Grassroots: Community Organizations in the Portuguese Revolution. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.

   ■ Dufour, Jean-Marc. Prague sur Tage. Paris, 1975.

   ■ Durão Barroso, José. Le systémepolitiqueportugais face à l'intégration euro-péenne. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Eisfeid, Rainer. "Portugal: What Role/What Future?" In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution. New York: RIIC, Columbia University, 1984.

   ■. Sozialistischer Pluralismus in Europa: Ansãtze und Scheitern am Beispiel Portugal. Cologne: Verlag Wissenchaft ünd Politik, 1985.

   ■. "Portugal and Western Europe." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 29-62. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Farinha, Luis. "Regresso a Europa. Uma opcao feliz." Historia. XXIX; 95, III series (March 2007), 23-33.

   ■ Faye, Jean-Pierre, ed. Portugal: The Revolution in the Labyrinth. Nottingham, U.K.: Spokesman, 1976. Ferreira, Hugo Gil, and Michael W. Marshall. Portugal's Revolution: Ten Years On. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. Figueira, João Costa. Cavaco Silva: Homem de Estado. Lisbon, 1987. Filoche, Gérard. Printemps Portugais. Paris: Editions Action, 1984. Frémontier, Jacques. Os Pontos nos ii. Lisbon, 1976. Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. 25 de Abril-10 anos depois. Lisbon, 1984. Futscher Pereira, Bernardo. "Portugal and Spain." In K. Maxwell, ed. Portugal in the 1980s, 63-87. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Gama, Jaime. Política Externa Portuguesa 1983-85: Ministério dos Negôcios Estrangeiros. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■. "Preface." In J. Calvet de Magalhães, A. de Vasconcelos, and J. Ramos Silva, eds., Portugal: An Atlantic Paradox, 9-11. Lisbon, 1990. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino. As Eleições De 25 De Abril: Geografia E Imagem Dos Partidos. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■. "10 Anos de Democracia: Reflexos na geografia política." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opelio, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal 1974-1984/ Conflitos e Mudanças em Portugal, 1974-1984, 135-55. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■, et al. As Eleições para assembleia da república, 1979-1983: Estudos de geografia eleitoral. Lisbon, 1984. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino, eds. Portugal em mapas e em números. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Giaccone, Fausto. Una Storia Portoghese/ Uma História Portuguesa. Palermo: Randazzo Focus, 1987.

   ■ Gladdish, Ken. "Portugal: An Open Verdict." In Geoffrey Pridham, ed. Securing Democracy: Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe, 104-25. London and New York: Routledge, 1990.

   ■ Graham, Lawrence S. The Decline and Collapse of an Authoritarian Order. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1975.

   ■, and Harry M. Makler, eds. Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■, and Douglas L. Wheeler, eds. In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Grayson, George W. "Portugal and the Armed Forces Movement." Orbis XIX, 2 (Summer 1975): 335-78.

   ■ Green, Gil. Portugal's Revolution. New York: International, 1976.

   ■ Hammond, John L. Building Popular Power: Workers' and Neighborhood Movements in the Portuguese Revolution. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1988.

   ■ Harsgor, Michael. Naissance d'un Nouveau Portugal. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1975.

   ■. Portugal in Revolution. Washington, D.C.: CSIS and Sage, 1976.

   ■ Harvey, Robert. Portugal, Birth of a Democracy. London: Macmillan, 1978.

   ■ Herr, Richard, ed. Portugal: The Long Road to Democracy and Europe. Berkeley, Calif.: International and Area Studies, 1992.

   ■ Insight Team of the Sunday [London] Times. Insight on Portugal: The Year of the Captains. London: Deutsch, 1975.

   ■ Janitschek, Hans. Mario Soares: Portrait of a Hero. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985.

   ■ Keefe, Eugene K., et al. Area Handbook for Portugal, 1st ed. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Area Studies of American University, 1977. Kramer, Jane. "A Reporter at Large: The Portuguese Revolution." The New Yorker (Dec. 15, 1975): 92-131.

   ■ Lauré, Jason, and Ettagal Lauré. Jovem Portugal: After the Revolution. New York: Straus, Farrar and Giroux, 1977.

   ■ Livermore, H. V. A New History of Portugal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.

   ■ Lourenço, Eduardo. Os Militares e O Poder. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. O Fascismo Nunca Existiu. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■. "Identidade e Memôria: o caso português." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-l 984, 17-22. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Lucena, Manuel. Evolução e Instituições: A Extinção dos Grémios da Lavoura Alentejanos. Mem Martins, 1984.

   ■. "A herança de duas revoluções." In M. Baptista Coelho, ed., Portugal: O Sistema Político e Constitucional, 1974-87, 505-55. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Macedo, Jorge Braga de, and S. Serfaty. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. New York: Praeger, 1981.

   ■ Magone, José M. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. New York: St. Martin's, 1997. Mailer, Phil. Portugal: The Impossible Revolution. London: Solidarity, 1977. Manta, João Abel. Cartoons/ 1969-1975. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Manuel, Paul C. Uncertain Outcome: The Politics of Portugal's Transition to Democracy. Lanham, Md. and London: University Press of America, 1994.

   ■ Mateus, Rui. Contos Proibidos. Memorias de Um PS Desconhecido, 3rd ed. Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1996.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth. "Portugal under Pressure." The New York Review of Books (May 2, 1974).

   ■. "The Hidden Revolution in Portugal." The New York Review of Books (April 17, 1975).

   ■. "The Thorns of the Portuguese Revolution." Foreign Affairs 54, 2 (Jan. 1976): 250-70.

   ■. "The Communists and the Portuguese Revolution." Dissent 27, 2 (Spring 1980): 194-206.

   ■. Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

   ■, ed. "Portugal: Toward the Twenty-First Century." Camoes Center Quarterly 5, 3-4 (Fall 1995): 6-55.

   ■, ed. The Press and the Rebirth of Iberian Democracy. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1983.

   ■. Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution: Reports of Three Columbia University-Gulbenkian Workshops. New York: Research Institute on International Change, Columbia University, 1984.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth, and Michael H. Haltzel, eds. Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.

   ■ Medeiros Ferreira, José. Ensaio Histórico sobre a revolução do 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Medina, João, ed. Portugal De Abril: Do 25 Aos Nossos Dias. In Medina, ed., História Contemporãnea De Portugal. Lisbon, 1985. Merten, Peter. Anarchismus ünd Arbeiterkãmpf in Portugal. Hamburg: Libertare, 1981.

   ■ Miranda, Jorge. Constituição e Democracia. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■. A Constituição de 1976. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Morrison, Rodney J. Portugal: Revolutionary Change in an Open Economy. Boston: Auburn House, 1981.

   ■ Mujal-Leôn, Eusebio. "The PCP [Portuguese Communist Party] and the Portuguese Revolution." Problems of Communism 26 (Jan.- Feb. 1977): 21-41.

   ■ Neves, Mário. Missão em Moscovo. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Oliveira, César. M. F. A. e Revolução Socialista. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. Os Anos Decisivos: Portugal 1962-1985. Um testemunho. Lisbon: Presença, 1993.

   ■ Opello, Waiter C., Jr. Portugal's Political Development: A Comparative Approach. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1985.

   ■. Portugal: From Monarchy to Pluralist Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1991.

   ■ Pell, Senator Claiborne H. Portugal ( Including the Azores and Spain) in Search of New Directions: Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976.

   ■ Pereira, J. Pacheco. "A Case of Orthodoxy: The Communist Party of Portugal." In Waller and Fenema, eds., Communist Parties in Western Europe: Adaptation or Decline? Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.

   ■ Pilmott, Ben. "Socialism in Portugal: Was It a Revolution?" Government and Opposition 7 (Summer 1977).

   ■. "Were the Soldiers Revolutionary? The Armed Forces Movement in Portugal, 1973-1976." Iberian Studies 7, 1 (1978): 13-21.

   ■, and Jean Seaton. "Political Power and the Portuguese Media." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 43-57. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm and Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1977.

   ■ Pouchin, Dominique. Portugal, quelle révolution? Paris, 1976.

   ■ Pulido Valente, Vasco. "E Viva Otelo." In Pulido Valente, V., ed., O País das Maravilhas, 451-54. Lisbon, 1979 [anthology of articles from weekly Lisbon paper, Expresso].

   ■. Estudos Sobre a Crise Nacional. Lisbon, 1980.

   ■ Rebelo de Sousa, Marcelo. O Sistema de Governo Português antes e depois da Revisão Constitucional, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1981. Rêgo, Raúl. Militares, Clérigos e Paisanos. Lisbon, 1981. Robinson, Richard A. H. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, Avelino, Cesário Borga, and Mário Cardoso. O Movemento dos Capitães e o 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. Portugal Depois De Abril. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Ruas, H. B., ed. A Revolução das Flores. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Rudel, Christian. La Liberte couleur d'oeillet. Paris: Fayard, 1980.

   ■ Sa, Tiago Moreira de. Os Americanos na Revolucao Portuguesa ( 1974-1976). Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 2004.

   ■ Sá Carneiro, Francisco. Por Uma Social-Democracia Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Sanches Osôrio, Helena. Um Só Rosto. Uma Só Fé. Conversas Com Adelino Da Palma Carlos. Lisbon, 1988. Sanches Osôrio, J. The Betrayal of the 25th of April in Portugal. Madrid: Sedmay, 1975.

   ■ Schmitter, Philippe C. "Liberation by Golpe: Retrospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal." Armed Forces and Society 2 (1974): 5-33.

   ■. "An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey." In G. O'Donnell,

   ■ P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, 3-10. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.

   ■ Silva, Fernando Dioga da. "Uma Administração Envelhecido." Revista da Ad-ministraçao Pública 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1979).

   ■ Simões, Martinho, ed. Relatório Do 25 De Novembro: Texto Integral, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Soares, Isabel, ed. Mário Soares: O homem e o político. Lisbon, 1976. Soares, Mário. Democratização e Descolonização: Dez meses no Governo Provisório. Lisbon, 1975. Sobel, Lester A., ed. Portuguese Revolution, 1974-1976. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1976.

   ■ Spínola, Antônio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. País Sem Rumo: Contributo para a História de uma Revolução. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Stock, Maria José. Os Partidos do Poder: Dez Anos Depois do " 25 De Abril." Evora, 1986.

   ■ Story, Jonathan. "Portugal's Revolution of Carnations: Patterns of Change and Continuity." International Affairs 52 (July 1976): 417-34. Sweezey, Paul. "Class Struggles in Portugal." Monthly Review 27, 4 (Sept. 1975): 1-26.

   ■ Szulc, Tad. "Lisbon and Washington: Behind Portugal's Revolution." Foreign Policy 21 (Winter 1975-76): 3-62. Tavares de Almeida, Antônio. Balsemão: O retrato. Lisbon, 1981. "Vasco." Desenhos Políticos. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■ Vasconcelos, Alvaro. "Portugal in Atlantic-Mediterranean Security." In Douglas T. Stuart, ed., Politics and Security in the Southern Region of the Atlantic Alliance, 117-36. London: Macmillan, 1988.

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Golpes militares e golpes literários. A literatura do golpe de 25 de Abril de 1974 em contexto histôrico." Penélope. Fazer E Desfazer A História, 19-20 (1998): 191-212.

   ■. "Tributo ao Historiador dos Historiadores. Memorias de A.H.de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)," Historia XXIX, 95, III series (March 2007), 18-22.

   ■ Wiarda, Howard J. Transcending Corporatism? The Portuguese Corporative System and the Revolution of 1974. Columbia: Institute of International Studies, University of South Carolina, 1976.

   ■. The Transition to Democracy in Spain and Portugal. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1989. Wise, Audrey. Eyewitness in Revolutionary Portugal. With a Preface by Judith Hart, MP. London: Spokesman, 1975.

   ■ PHYSICAL FEATURES: GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, FAUNA, AND FLORA

   ■ Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal: Étude de géographie régionale. Paris, 1950.

   ■ Embleton, Clifford. Geomorphology of Europe. London: Macmillan, 1984.

   ■ Girão, Aristides de Amorim. Divisão regional, divisão agrícola e divisão administrativa. Coimbra, 1932.

   ■. Condições geográficos e históricas de autonomia política de Portugal. Coimbra, 1935.

   ■. Atlas de Portugal, 2nd ed. Coimbra, 1958.

   ■ Ribeiro, Orlando. Portugal, O Mediterrâneo e o Altântico. Coimbra, 1945 and later eds.

   ■. Portugal. Volume V of Geografia de Espana y Portugal. Barcelona, 1955.

   ■. Ensaios de Geografia Humana e regio nal. Lisbon, 1970.

   ■. A geografia e a divisão regional do país. Lisbon, 1970.

   ■ Stanislawski, Dan. The Individuality of Portugal. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1959.

   ■. Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1963.

   ■ Taylor, Albert William. Wild Flowers of Spain and Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1972.

   ■ Way, Ruth, and Margaret Simmons. A Geography of Spain and Portugal. London: Methuen, 1962.

   ■ ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY

   ■ "Actas do Colóquio Inter-Universitário do Noroeste Peninsular (Porto-Baião, 1988), vol. II, Proto-História, romanização e Idade Média." In Trabalhos de antropologia e etnologia. 28, 3-4 (1988).

   ■ Alarcão, Jorge de, ed. "Do Paleolítico va arte visigótica." Vol. 1, História da

   ■ Arte em Portugal. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.

   ■. Roman Portugal, 3 vols. Warminister, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.

   ■. Portugal Das Orígens A Romanização. Vol. I. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1990. Anderson, James M., and M. S. Lea. Portugal 1001 Sights: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary and Robert Hale, 1994.

   ■ Balmuth, Miriam S., Antonio Gilman, and Lourdes Prados-Torreira, eds. Encounters and Transformations: The Archaeology of Iberia in Transition. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, no. 7. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.

   ■ Beirão, C. M. M. Une civilization protohistorique du Sud au Portugal ( 1er Age du Fer). Paris: D. Boccard, 1986.

   ■ Cardoso, João Luís, Santinho A. Cunha, and Delberto Aguiar. O Homem Pre-Histórico no Concelho de Oeiras. Oeiras, Portugal: Estudos Arquelógicos de Oeiras, 1991.

   ■ Harrison, Richard J. The Bell Beaker Cultures of Spain and Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.

   ■ Mangas, Júlio, ed. Hispania epigraphica. Madrid, 1989.

   ■ Maloney, Stephanie J. "The Villa of Toerre de Palma, Portugal: Archaeology and Preservation." Portuguese Studies Review VIII, 1 (Fall-Winter, 1999-2000): 14-28.

   ■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. London, 1968.

   ■ Silva, A. C. F. A cultura castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Paços de Ferreira:

   ■ Museu da Citânia de Sanfins, 1986. Straus, L. G. Iberia before the Iberians. Albuquerque, N.M., 1992.

   ■ FOREIGN TRAVELERS AND RESIDENTS' ACCOUNTS

   ■ Andersen, Hans Christian. A Visit to Portugal 1866. London: Peter Owen, 1972.

   ■ Beckford, William. Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal. Paris: Baudry's European Library, 1834.

   ■. The Journal of William Beckford in Portugal and Spain 1787-1788.

   ■ Boyd Alexander, ed. London: Hart-Davies, 1954.

   ■. Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcoboca and Batalha. Fontwell, U.K.: Centaur Press, 1972.

   ■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. London: Bodley Head, 1912.

   ■ Borrow, George. The Bible in Spain, 2 vols. London: Constable, 1923 ed.

   ■ Chaves, Castelo Branco. Os livros de viagens em Portugal no século XVIII e a sua projecção europeia. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Costigan, Arthur William. Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. London: T. Vernon, 1787.

   ■ Crawfurd, Oswald. Portugal Old and New. London: Kegan, Paul, 1880.

   ■. Round the Calendar in Portugal. London: Chapman & Hall, 1890.

   ■ Darymple, William. Travels through Spain and Portugal in 1774. London: J. Almon, 1777.

   ■ Dumouriez, Charles Francois Duperrier. An Account of Portugal as It Appeared in 1766. London: C. Law, 1797.

   ■ Fielding, Henry. Jonathan Wild and the Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. London: J. M. Dent, 1932.

   ■ Fullerton, Alice. To Portugal for Pleasure. London: Grafton, 1945.

   ■ Gibbons, John. I Gathered No Moss. London: Robert Hale, 1939.

   ■ Gordon, Jan, and Cora Gordon. Portuguese Somersault. London: Harrap, 1934.

   ■ Hewitt, Richard. A Cottage in Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.

   ■ Huggett, Frank. South of Lisbon: Winter Travels in Southern Portugal. London: Gollancz, 1960.

   ■ Hume, Martin. Through Portugal. London: Richards, 1907.

   ■ Hyland, Paul. Backwards Out of the Big World: A Voyage into Portugal. Hammersmith, U.K.: HarperCollins, 1996.

   ■ Jackson, Catherine Charlotte, Lady. Fair Lusitania. London: Bentley, 1874.

   ■ Kelly, Marie Node. This Delicious Land Portugal. London: Hutchinson, 1956.

   ■ Kempner, Mary Jean. Invitation to Portugal. New York: Athenaeum, 1969.

   ■ Kingston, William H. G. Lusitanian Sketches of the Pen and Pencil. 2 vol. London: Parker, 1845.

   ■ Landmann, George. Historical, Military and Picturesque Observations on Portugal. 2 vol. London: Cadell and Davies, 1818.

   ■ Latouche, John [Pseudonym of Oswald Crawfurd]. Travels in Portugal. London: Ward, Lock & Taylor, ca. 1874.

   ■ Link, Henry Frederick. Travels in Portugal and France and Spain. London: Longman & Rees, 1801.

   ■ Macauley, Rose. They Went to Portugal. London: Jonathan Cape, 1946.

   ■. They Went to Portugal, Too. Manchester: Carcanet Books, 1990.

   ■ Merle, Iris. Portuguese Panorama. London: Ouzel, 1958.

   ■ Murphy, J. C. Travels in Portugal. London: 1795.

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   ■. The Empire Time Forgot: Writing a History of the Portuguese Overseas Empire, 1808-1975. Oporto: Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 1998.

   ■. "Filho Do Porto, Filho Do Império: Antônio Francisco Da Silva Porto (1817-1890) and the Politics of Motivation in Portugal's First and Second Scrambles for Africa (1836-1861; 1875-1891)." Revista da UFP [Universidade Fernando Pessoa] 4 (Dec. 1999): 225-54.

   ■. "'Mais leis do que mosquitos': A Primeira República Portuguesa e o Império Ultramarino (1910-1926)." In Nuno Severiano Teixeira and Antó-nio Costa Pinto, eds., A Primeira República Portuguesa Entre O Liberalismo E O Autoritarismo, 133-68. Lisbon: University Nova de Lisboa, 2000.

   ■. "Spiritual Peoples at Odds: Portugal, India and the Goa Question, 1947-61." In Anthony Disney and Emily Booth, eds., Vasco Da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia, 452-70. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.

   ■. "Portugal, Africa and the future." In Stewart Lloyd-Jones and Antonio Costa Pinto, eds., The Last Empire: Thirty Years of Portuguese Decolonization, 113-25. Bristol, U.K.: Intellect, 2003.

   ■. "The Forced Labor 'System' in Angola, 1903-1947: Reassessing Origins and Persistence in the Context of Colonial Consolidation, Economic Growth and Reform Failures." In CEAUP, Centro de Estudos Africanos da Universidade do Porto, ed., Trabalho forcado africano-experiencias coloniais comparadas, 367-393. Oporto: CEAUP, 2006.

   ■. "As Raizes Do Nacionalismo Angolano: Publicacoes De Protesto Dos Assimilados, 1870-1940." In Nuno Vidal and Justino Pinto De Andrade, eds., O Processo De Transicao Para O Multipartidarismo Em Angola, 73-92. Lisbon: Ed. Firmamento, 2006.

   ■, and René Pélissier. Angola. London: Pall Mall and New York: Praeger, 1971; reprinted, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1977; Portuguese lang. edition, Lisbon: Tinta-da-China, 2009. Whiteway, R. W. The Rise of the Portuguese Power in India, 1497-1550. London: Constable, 1899.

   ■ Winius, George D. The Fatal History of Portuguese Ceylon: Transition to Dutch Rule. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971.

   ■. "The Portuguese Asian 'Decadência' Revisited." In Alfred Hower and Richard Preto-Rodas, eds., Empire in Transition, 106-17. Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, 1980.

   ■. The Black Legend of Portuguese India. New Delhi: New Concept, 1985.

   ■ Portuguese Migration and Communities Abroad

   ■ Alves, Marcial. Os Portugueses no Mundo. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Anderson, Grace M., and David Higgs, eds. A Future to Inherit: Portuguese Communities in Canada. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1976. Arroteia, Jorge Carvalho. A emigração Portuguesa-suas origens e distribuição. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Brettell, Caroline B. "Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Portuguese Emigration: A Bibliography." Portuguese Studies Newsletter 3 (Fall-Winter, 1977-78).

   ■. "Emigrar Para Voltar: A Portuguese Ideology of Return Migration." Papers in Anthropology 20 (1979): 1-20.

   ■. We Have Already Cried Many Tears: The Stories of Three Portuguese Migrant Women. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman Publishing Co., 1982.

   ■. Men Who Migrate, Women Who Wait: Population and History in a Portuguese Parish. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986.

   ■ Carvalho, Eduardo de. Os portugueses na Nova Inglaterra. Rio de Janeiro, 1931.

   ■ Caspari, Andrea. "The Return Orientation among Portuguese Migrants in France." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 193-203. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Dias, Eduardo Mayone, ed. Portugueses na América do Norte. Baden: Peregrinação, 1983.

   ■ Fagundes, Francisco Cota. Hard Knocks: An Azorean-American Odyssey.

   ■ [Memoir]. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 2000. Felix, John Henry, and Peter F. Senecal. The Portuguese in Hawaii. Honolulu, Hawaii: Authors' edition, 1978. Fernandes, Ferreira. Os Primos da América. Lisbon: Relógio D'Agua, 1991. Ferreira, Eduardo de Sousa. As orígens e formas de emigração. Lisbon, 1976. Freitas, J. F. Portuguese-American Memories. Honolulu, Hawaii, 1930.

   ■ Giles, Wenona. "Motherhood and Wage Labour in London, England: Portuguese Migrant Women and the Politics of Gender." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology. University of Toronto, 1987.

   ■ Higgs, David, ed. Portuguese Migration in Global Perspective. Ontario: Multicultural Historical Society of Ontario, 1990.

   ■ Klimt, Andrea. "Portuguese Migrants in Germany: Class, Ethnicity and Gender." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology. Stanford University, 1987.

   ■ Lavigne, Gules. Les ethniques et la ville: L'aventure des immigrants portugais à Montreal. Montreal: Preamble, 1987.

   ■ Leder, Hans Howard. Cultural Persistence in a Portuguese-American Community. New York: Arno Press, 1980.

   ■ Lewis, J. R., and A. M. Williams. "Emigrants and Retornados: A Comparative Analysis of the Economic Impact of Return Migration in the Região Centro." In E. D. Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 227-50. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ McCabe, Marsha L., and Joseph D. Thomas, eds. Portuguese Spinner: An American Story; Stories of History, Culture and Life from Portuguese Americans in Southeastern New England. New Bedford, Mass.: Spinner, 1998.

   ■ Marques, D., and J. Medeiros. Portuguese Immigrants: 25 Years in Canada. Toronto: West End YMCA, 1989.

   ■ Martins, J. Oliveira. Fomento Rural e emigração Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1956.

   ■ Mira, Manuel. The Forgotten Portuguese: The Melungeons and Other Groups; The Portuguese Making of America. Franklin, N.C.: Portuguese-American Historical Research Foundation, 1998.

   ■ Nazareth, J. Manuel. "Familia e Emigração em Portugal." Economia e Sociedade (Lisbon) 23 (1977): 31-50.

   ■ Nunes, Maria Luisa. A Portuguese Colonial in America: Belmira Nunes Lopes; The Autobiography of a Cape Verdean-American. Pittsburgh, Penn.: Latin American Literary Review Press, 1982.

   ■ Oliver, Lawrence. Never Backward: The Autobiography of Lawrence Oliver; A Portuguese-American. San Diego, 1972.

   ■ Pap, Leo. The Portuguese-Americans. Boston: Twayne, 1981.

   ■ Pereira, Miriam Halpern. A Política Portuguesa de Emigraçao, 1850 a 1930. Lisbon: Regra do Jogo, 1981.

   ■ Pereira da Rosa, Victor M., and Salvato V. Trigo. "Elementos para uma Caracterização da Família Imigrante Portuguesa na Africa do Sul." Economia e Sociologia 41 (1986): 61-71.

   ■. Azorean Emigration: A Preliminary Overview. Oporto: Fernando Pessoa University, 1994.

   ■. Portugueses e Moçambicanos no Apartheid: Da Ficção à Realidade. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Purves, James. "Portuguese in Bermuda." Bermuda Historical Quarterly 3 (1946): 133-42.

   ■ Ribeiro, F. G. Cassola. Emigração Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Rocha-Trinidade, Maria Beatriz da. "La Sociologie des Migrations au Portugal." Current Sociology 32, 2 (Summer 1984): 175-98.

   ■. "Towards Reintegration of Emigrants." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and Guy Clausse, eds., Closing the Migratory Cycle: The Case of Portugal, 183-94. Saarbrücken: Breitenbach, 1985.

   ■. "Emigração." In Dicionario Illustrado Da História De Portugal ( 1985): 205-7.

   ■. A Emigração. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■. "Espaços de herança cultural portuguesa-gentes, factos, políticas." Analise Social (Lisbon) XXIV (1988): 313-51.

   ■ Rocha-Trinidade, Maria Beatriz da, and Jorge Arroteia. Bibliografia da Emigração Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■ Rogers, Francis M. Americans of Portuguese Descent: A Lesson in Differentiation. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1974.

   ■. Testemunhos sobre a Emigração Portuguesa: Antologia. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Silva, F. Emídio da. A Emigração Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1917.

   ■ Silva, Manuela, et al. Retorno, Emigração e Desenvolvimento Regional em Portugal. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■ Simões, Mário Pinto. O Emigrante Português: Processos de Adaptação ( o exemplo da Suiça). Oporto, 1985.

   ■ Simões, Nuno. O Brasil e a Emigração Portuguesa. Coimbra, 1934.

   ■ Sousa Ferreira, Eduardo de, and Guy Clausse, eds. Closing the Migratory Cycle: The Case of Portugal. Saarbrucken: Verlag Breitenbach, 1986.

   ■ Teixeira, Carlos, and Victor M. Pereira da Rosa, eds. The Portuguese in Canada: From the Sea to the City. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.

   ■ Vicente, António Luís. Os Portuguese Nos Estados Unidos Da América: Política De Comunidades E Comunidade Política. Lisbon: FLAD, 1998.

   ■ Viera, David, et al. Portuguese in the United States: A Bibliography ( Supplement to the 1976 Leo Pap Bibliography). Essay Number 6 in Essays in Portuguese Studies. Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal, 1989.

   ■ Williams, Jerry. And Yet They Come: Portuguese Immigration from the Azores to the United States. New York: Center for Migration Studies, 1982.

   ■ Portugal's Atlantic Islands (Azores, Madeiras)

   ■ Biddle, Anthony J. Drexel. The Madeira Islands, 2 vols. London: Hurst and Blackett, 1900.

   ■ Bryans, Robin. Madeira, Pearl of the Atlantic. London: Robert Hale, 1959.

   ■. The Azores. London: Faber & Faber, 1963.

   ■ Cooke, Rupert Croft. Madeira. London: Putnam, 1961.

   ■ Cossart, Noel. Madeira— the Island Vineyard. London: Christie's, 1984.

   ■ Da Silva, Fernando Augusto, and Carlos Azevedo de Menezes. Elucidário Madeirense, 3 vols. Funchal, 1940.

   ■ Duncan, T. Bentley. Atlantic Islands in the Seventeenth Century: Madeira, the Azores and the Cape Verdes in Seventeenth-Century Commerce andNavigation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972.

   ■ Guill, James H. A History of the Azores Islands. Menlo Park, Calif.: Author's Edition, 1972.

   ■ Instituto Histórico Da Ilha Terceira [Azores]. Os Açores E O Atlântico ( Séculos XIV-XVII) [Proceedings of International Colloquium, August 1983]. Angra do Heroismo, Terceira Island, Azores, 1984.

   ■ Koebel, William Henry. Madeira Old and New. London: Griffiths, 1909.

   ■ Mee, Jules. Histoire de la découverte des Iles Açores. Ghent, 1901.

   ■ Peres, Damião. A Madeira sob os donatórios-Séculos XV e XVI. Funchal, 1914.

   ■ Rogers, Francis M. Atlantic Islanders of the Azores and Madeiras. North Quincy, Mass.: Christopher House, 1979.

   ■ Serpa, Caetano Valadão. A Gente Dos Açores. Identificaçao-Emigraçio E Religiosidade: Séculos XVI-XX. Lisbon: 1978.

   ■ Silva, J. Donald. "With Columbus in Madeira." Portuguese Studies Review (Durham, NH) I, 1 (Spring-Summer 1991).

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "The Azores and the United States (1787-1987): Two Hundred Years of Shared History." Boletim do Instituto Histórico da Ilha Terceira XLV (1988): 55-71.

   ■ Anglo-Portuguese Alliance (1373-Present)

   ■ Almada, José de. A Aliança Inglesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1947.

   ■. Para a história da aliança luso-britânica. Lisbon, 1955.

   ■ Atkinson, William C. British Contributions to Portuguese and Brazilian Studies. London: British Council, 1974.

   ■ Bourne, Kenneth. The Foreign Policy of Victorian England 1830-1902. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970.

   ■ British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 600 Years of Anglo-Portuguese Alliance. London: BBC, 1973.

   ■ British Community Council of London. Souvenir Brochure Commemorating the 600th Anniversary of the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of Alliance and Friendship, 1373-1973. Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Cabral, Manuel Villaverde. Portugal na Alvorada do Século XX. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Caetano, Marcello "Aliança Inglesa." Enciclopédia Luso-Brasileira da Cultura. Vol. 1 (1963): 1270-1271.

   ■. "L'alliance Anglo-Portuguese: Histoire et situation actuelle." Chronique de politique etrangére (Paris) XX, 6 (1967): 695-708.

   ■. Portugal e a Internacionalização dos Problemas Africanos. Lisbon, 1971.

   ■ Castro, Armando. A dominação inglesa em Portugal. Estudo seguido de Antologia Textos dos Sécs. XVIII e XIX. Oporto: Afrontamento, 1972.

   ■ Crollen, Luc. Portugal, the U.S. and NATO. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press, 1973.

   ■. "Portugal." In O. De Raeymaeker et al. Small Powers in Alignment, 27-96. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press, 1974.

   ■ Cunha Leal, Francisco. Portugal e Inglaterra. Corunna, 1932.

   ■ Davidson, Basil. "The Oldest Alliance Faces a Crisis." In Philip Masonm, ed., Angola: A Symposium. Views of a Revolt, 138-60. London: Oxford University Press, 1962.

   ■ Duff, Katherine. "The War and the Neutrals." In Arnold and Veronica Toyn-bee, eds., Survey of International Affairs. London: Chatham House, 1956.

   ■ Duffy, James. A Question of Slavery. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967.

   ■ Epstein, John. "The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, 1373-1973." World Survey (London) 54 (June 1973): p. 18.

   ■ Ferreira, José Medeiros. Estudos de Estratégia e Relações Internacionais. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Ferreira Martins, General L. O Poder Militar Da Gran-Bretanha E A Aliança Anglo-Lusa. Coimbra, 1939.

   ■. A Cooperaçio Anglo-Portuguesa na Grande Guerra de 1914-18. Lisbon, 1942.

   ■ Francis, A. D. The Methuens and Portugal 1691-1700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966.

   ■. Portugal 1715-1808. London: Tamesis, 1985.

   ■ Freitas, A. Barjona de. A Questão Ingleza. Lisbon, 1891.

   ■ Gonçalves, Caetano. A Aliança Luso-Britânica e o Domínio Colonial Português. Lisbon, 1917.

   ■ Guedes, Armando Marques. A Aliança Inglesa: Notas de História diplomática, 1383-1943. Lisbon, 1943. Halpern Pereira, Miriam. Revoluçio, finanças, dependência externa. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Howorth, A. H. D'Araujo Scott. A Aliança Luso-Britânica E A Segunda Guerra Mundial. Lisbon, 1956.

   ■ Kay, Hugh. Salazar and Modern Portugal. New York: Hawthorne, 1970.

   ■ Lawrence, L. Nehru Seizes Goa. New York: Pageant, 1963.

   ■ Livermore, H. V. "The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance: Historical Perspective." 600 Years of Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, 7-15. Lisbon: BBC, 1973.

   ■ Macedo, Jorge Borges de. História Diplomática Portuguesa-Constantes e Linhas de Força. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Manoel, J. de Câmara. Portugal e Inglatterra. Lisbon, 1909.

   ■ Martinez, Pedro S. História Diplomática de Portugal. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Medlicott, W. N. The Economic Blockade, Vol. II. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1952.

   ■ Oliveira, Pedro Aires. Os Despojos Da Alianca. A Gra-Bretanha e a questao colonial portuguesa 1945-1975. Lisbon: Tinta-da-China, 2007. Ortigão, Ramalho. John Bull. Lisbon, 1887.

   ■ Prestage, Edgar. Diplomatic Relations of Portugal with France, England and Holland from 1646 to 1668. Watford, U.K.: Voss & Michael, 1925.

   ■. Chapters in Anglo-Portuguese Relations. London: Voss & Michael, 1935.

   ■ Russell, Peter E. The English Intervention in Spain and Portugal in the Time of Edward III and Richard II. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1955. Sarmento, J. E. Morães. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance and Coast Defense. London, 1908.

   ■ Serrão, Joel. "O Ultimatum (January 1890)." Dicionário de História de Portugal. Vol. IV (1971): 219-24.

   ■ Shafaat, Ahmed Khan, ed. Anglo-Portuguese Negotiations Relating to Bombay, 1660-1667. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1922.

   ■ Sideri, Sandro. Trade and Power: Informal Colonialism in Anglo-Portuguese Relations. Rotterdam: Rotterdam University Press, 1970.

   ■ Sousa, Carlos Hermenegildo de. A Aliança Anglo-Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1943.

   ■ Stone, Glyn A. "The Official British Attitude to the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, 1910-45." Journal of Contemporary History (London) 10, 4 (Oct. 1975): 729-46.

   ■. The Oldest Ally: Britain and the Portuguese Connection, 1936-1941. Woodbridge, U.K.: Royal Historical Society and Boydell Press, 1994. Teixeira, Nuno Severiano. O Ultimatum Inglês: Política Externa no Portugal do 1890. Lisbon, 1990.

   ■ Teles, Basilio. Do Ultimatum ao 30 de Janeiro. Oporto, 1905.

   ■ Vicente, António Pedro. "Um testemunho de 1796 sobre a Situação de Portugal face ao domínio inglês." In Arquivos do Centro Cultural Portugües, IV. Paris, 1972.

   ■ Vieira de Castro, Luís. D. Carlos I. ( Elementos de História Diplomática), 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1941.

   ■ Vincent-Smith, John. "Britain, Portugal and the First World War." European Studies Review 4, 3 (1974).

   ■. "The Portuguese Economy and the Anglo-Portuguese Commercial Treaty of 1916." Iberian Studies (Keele, U.K.) III, 2 (Autumn 1974): 49-54.

   ■. As Relações Políticas Luso-Britânicas 1910-1916. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. "The Portuguese Republic and Britain, 1910-14." Journal of Contemporary History 10, 4 (Oct. 1975): 707-27.

   ■ Vintras, R. E. The Portuguese Connection: A Secret History of the Azores Base. London: Bachman & Turner, 1974. Viriato [Pseud]. A Aliança lnglesa. Lisbon, 1914.

   ■ Walford, A. R. The British Factory in Lisbon and Its Closing Stages Ensuring upon the Treaty of 1810. Lisbon, 1940.

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "The Portuguese in Angola, 1836-1891: A Study in Expansion and Administration." Ph.D. dissertation, History Department, Boston University, 1963.

   ■. "19th Century: Anglo-Portuguese Alliance and the Scramble for Africa." In BBC, 600 Years of Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, 40-43. London: BBC, 1973.

   ■. "The Price of Neutrality: Portugal, the Wolfram Question and World War II." Luso-Brazilian Review (Madison, Wisc.) 34, 1, 2 (Summer 1986; Winter 1986): 107-27; 97-111.

   ■ Wordsworth, William. William Wordsworth's Convention of Cintra: A Facsimile of the 1809 Tract [Introduction by Gordon Kent Thomas]. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1983.

   ■ Young, George. Portugal Old and Young. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1917.

   ■ ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY, RURAL AND URBAN SOCIETY

   ■ Almeida, Miguel Vale de. The Hegemonic Male: Masculinity in a Portuguese Town. Oxford: Berghan, 1996.

   ■ Black, Richard. Crisis and Change in Rural Europe: Agricultural Development in the Portuguese Mountains. Aldershot, U.K.: Avebury and Ashgate, 1992.

   ■ Brettell, Caroline B. Men Who Migrate, Women Who Wait: Population and History in a Portuguese Parish. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986.

   ■. "The Absence of Men." Natural History 96, 2 (Feb. 1987): 52-61.

   ■. "The Portuguese." In Encyclopedia of World Cultures. New Haven, Conn.: Human Relations Area Files, 1990.

   ■. "The Priest and His People: The Contractual Basis for Religious Practice in Rural Portugal." In Ellen Badone, ed., Religious Orthodoxy and Popular Faith in European Society, 55-75. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990.

   ■ Brogger, Jan. Pre-bureaucratic Europeans: A Study of a Portuguese Fishing Community. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989. Cabral, Manuel Villaverde. "Portuguese Perspectives." Sociologia Ruralis [Journal of European Rural Sociology] XXIV, 1 (1986); number devoted to rural Portugal today. Chaney, Rick. Regional Emigration and Remittances in Developing Countries: The Portuguese Experience. New York: Praeger, 1986. Cole, Sally. Women of the Praia: Work and Lives in a Portuguese Colonial Community. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991. Cutileiro, José. A Portuguese Rural Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.

   ■ Deschamps, Paul. Portugal: La Vie Sociale Actuelle. Paris, 1935.

   ■. Histoire Sociale du Portugal. Paris, 1959.

   ■ Dias, Jorge. Rio do Onor-comunitarismo agropastoral. Oporto, 1953.

   ■. Ensaios Etnológicos. Lisbon, 1961.

   ■. The Portuguese Contribution to Cultural Anthropology. Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1964.

   ■. Vilarinho Da Furna: Uma Aldeia Comunitária. Rev. ed. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Downs, Charles. Os Moradores à Conquista da Cidade. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■. "Community Organization, Political Change and Urban Policy: Portugal. 1974-1976." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Sociology. University of California, 1980.

   ■. "Residents' Commissions and Urban Struggles in Revolutionary Portugal." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Dracklé, Dorlé. Macht und Ohnmacht: Der Kampf num die Agarreform im Alentejo ( Portugal). Gottingen, Germany: Edit. Re, 1991.

   ■ Espírito Santo, Moise. Communidade Rural ao Norte do Tejo. Lisbon, 1980.

   ■ Feijó, Rui, H. Martins, and João de Pina Cabral, eds. Death in Portugal. Oxford: Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford, 1983.

   ■ Feijó, Rui Graça. "State, Nation and Regional Diversity in Portugal: An Overview." In Richard Herr and John H. Polt, eds., Iberian Identity: Essays on the Nature of Identity in Portugal and Spain, 37-47. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1989.

   ■ Feio, Mariano. Les Bas Alentejo et l'Algarve. Lisbon, 1949.

   ■ Ferreira de Almeida, João. Classes sociais nos campos. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Fonseca, Ramiro da. O Livro da Saúde e da Doença. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Gallop, Rodney. Portugal: A Book of Folk-Ways. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1936. Reprinted, 1961.

   ■ Hoefgen, Lynn. "The Integration of Returnees from the Colonies into Portugal's Social and Economic Life." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, 1985.

   ■ Ingerson, Alice Elizabeth. "Corporatism and Class Consciousness in Northwestern Portugal." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology. Johns Hopkins University, 1984.

   ■ Jenkins, Robin. The Road to Alto. London: Pluto Press, 1979.

   ■ Lawrence, Denise. "Menstrual Politics: Women and Pigs in Rural Portugal." In T. Buckley and A. Gottlieb, eds., Blood Magic: The Anthropology of Menstruation, 117-36. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.

   ■. "Suburbanization of House Form and Gender Relations in a Rural Portuguese Agro-Town." Architecture and Behavior 4, 3 (1988): 197-212.

   ■ Martins, Hermínio. "Portugal." In Margaret S. Archer and Salvador Giner, eds., Contemporary Europe: Class, Status and Power. New York: St. Martins, 1971.

   ■ Mattoso, José. Identificação de um país. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Merten, Peter. Anarchismüs und Arbeiterkãmpf in Portugal. Hamburg: Libera-tare Association, 1981.

   ■ Monteiro, Paulo. Terra que ja foi terra: Análise Sociológica de nove lugares agro-pastorais da Serra da Lousã. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Nataf, Daniel. "Social Cleavages and Regime Formation in Contemporary Portugal." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Political Science, UCLA, 1987.

   ■ Nazareth, J. Manuel. "Familia e Emigração em Portugal: Ensaio Exploratório." Economia e Socialismo 23 (1977): 31-50.

   ■ O'Neill, Brian Juan. "Dying and Inheriting in Rural Tras-os-Montes." Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford 14 (1983): 44-74.

   ■. Social Inequality in a Portuguese Hamlet: Land, Late Marriage, and Inheritance, 1870-1978. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

   ■ Pacheco, Helder. Tradições Populares de Portugal. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Pardoe, Julia. Traits and Traditions of Portugal, 2 vols. London, 1832.

   ■ Pereira Neto, João Baptista. "Social Evolution in Portugal since 1945." In Raymond S. Sayers, ed., Portugal and Brazil in Transition, 212-27. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1968.

   ■ Pina-Cabral, João de. Sons of Adam, Daughters of Eve: The Peasant World-View of the Alto Minho. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.

   ■. "Sociocultural Differentiation and Regional Identity in Portugal." In

   ■ R. Herr and J. H. Polt, eds., Iberian Identity, 3-18. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 1989.

   ■ Poinard, Michel. La Retour des Traveilleurs Portugais. Paris: La Documentation Francaise, 1979.

   ■ Reed, Robert Roy. "Managing the Revolution: Revolutionary Promise and Political Reality in Rural Portugal." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, 1988.

   ■ Riegelhaupt, Joyce F. "In the Shadow of the City: Integration of a Portuguese Village" [São João das Lampas, nr, Cascais]. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, 1964.

   ■. "Saloio Women: An Analysis of Informal and Formal Political and Economic Roles of Portuguese Peasant Women." Anthropological Quarterly 40, 3 (July 1967): 109-26.

   ■. "Festas and Padres: The Organization of Religious Action in a Portuguese Parish." American Anthropologist 75 (1973): 835-52.

   ■. "Peasants and Politics in Salazar's Portugal: The Corporate State and Village 'Nonpolitics'" In L. S. Graham and H. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents, 167-90. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, Julieta E. S. de Almeida. "Continuity and Change in Urban Portuguese Women's Roles: Emerging New Household Structures." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Sociology, Columbia University, 1979.

   ■ Rowland, Robert. "Demographic Patterns and Rural Society in Portugal." So-ciologica Ruralis 26, 1 (1986): 36-47.

   ■ Sanchis, Pierre. Arraial. La Fête d'un Peuple: Les Pélerinages Populaires au Portugal. Paris, 1976.

   ■ Siegel, Bernard J. "Social Structure and Medical Practitioners in Rural Brazil and Portugal." Sociologia (São Paulo) 20, 4 (Oct. 1958): 463-76.

   ■. "Conflict, Parochialism and Social Differentiation in Portuguese Society." Journal of Conflict Resolution V, 1 (March 1961): 35-12.

   ■ Smith, T. Lynn. "The Social Relationships of Man to the Land in Portugal." Sociologia 25, 1 (Dec. 1963): 319-43.

   ■ Sousa Santos, Boaventura. "Estado e sociedade na semiperíferia do sistema mundiale: O caso português." Análise Social 87-89 (1985): 869-902.

   ■. "Social Crisis and the State." In Kenneth Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation, 167-95. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Vasconcellos, Joaquim Leite de. Ethnograia Portuguesa, 8 vols. Lisbon, 1941-82.

   ■. Tradições Populares Portugueses. New ed. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Willems, Emilio. "On Portuguese Family Structure." International Journal of Comparative Society (Dharwar, India) 3, 1 (Sept. 1962): 65-79.

   ■ ARTS, ARCHITECTURE, URBAN PLANNING, MUSIC

   ■ Almeida, Rodrigo Vicente de. História da Arte em Portugal: ( Segundo Estudo) Documentos lnéditos. Oporto, 1883. Almeida D'Eca, Admiral Vicente M. Castles of Portugal. Lisbon, 1925. Amaral, Francisco K. Lisboa: Uma Cidade em Transformação. Lisbon, 1969. Azevedo, Carlos de, and Chester Brummel. Churches of Portugal. New York: Scala Books, 1985.

   ■ Barreira, João, ed. Arte Portuguesa: As Decorativas, 2 vols. Lisbon, n.d.

   ■ Barretto, Mascarenhas, and George Dykes. Fado: Lyrical Origins and Poetical Motivation. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Binney, Marcus. Country Manors of Portugal. London: Scala, 1987.

   ■ Branco, Luís de Freitas. A Música em Portugal. Lisbon, 1930.

   ■ Brito, Manuel Carlos de. Opera in Portugal in the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

   ■ Carvalho, Pinto de. História de Fado. Lisbon, 1903 and 1982 eds.

   ■ Castro d'Aire, Teresa. O Fado. Lisbon: Temas da Actualidade, 1996.

   ■ Chicó, Mário Tavares. A Architectura Gótica em Portugal. Lisbon, 1968.

   ■ França, José-Augusto. A Arte em Portugal No Século XIX. Lisbon, 1966.

   ■. Lisboa Pombalina e o Illuminismo, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■. A Reconstrucão e a Arquitectura Pombalina. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Gallop, Rodney. "The Fado (The Portuguese Song of Fate)." Musical Quarterly XIX (1933): 199-213.

   ■. Eight Portuguese Folksongs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1936.

   ■ Gil, Júlio. The Finest Churches in Portugal. Lisbon, 1988.

   ■. The Finest Castles in Portugal, 3rd ed. George F. W. Dykes, trans. Lisbon, 1996.

   ■ Gonçalves, Rui Mário. Pintura e escultura em Portugal. Lisbon: Instituto de Cultura, 1984.

   ■. 100 Pintores Portugueses do século XX. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.

   ■ Kubler, George. Portuguese Plain Architecture: Between Spices and Diamonds, 1521-1706. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1972.

   ■. Studies in Ancient American and European Art: The Collected Essays of George Kubler. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985.

   ■, and Martin Soria. Art and Architecture in Spain and Portugal. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1959.

   ■ Lacerda, Aarão de. História da Arte em Portugal, 2 vols. Oporto, 1942-48.

   ■ Leão, Joaquim de Sousa. "Decorative Art: The Azulejo." In H. V. Livermore, ed. Portugal and Brazil: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1953.

   ■ Lopes Graça, Fernando. A canção popular portuguesa. Lisbon, 1953.

   ■. A música portuguesa e os sus problemas: Ensaios. Lisbon, 1959.

   ■ Moita, Luís. O fado: canção de vencidos. Lisbon, 1936.

   ■ Neves, José Cassiano. The Palace and Gardens of Fronteira: Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Portuguese Style. Lisbon: Quetzal and Scala, 1995. North, C.T. Guia dos castelos antigos de Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon: Bertrand Ed., 2002.

   ■ Pacheco, Jose. Stuart Carvalhais. O desenho grafico e a imprensa. Lisbon: Biblioteca do Empresario, 2000. Pereira, Paulo, ed. Arte portuguesa. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1995. Picchio, Luciana Stegagno. Storia del Teatro Portoghese. Rome: Edizinio deli' Ateneo, 1964.

   ■ Queirós, José. Cerâmica Portuguesa, 2 vols. 2nd rev. ed. Lisbon, 1948.

   ■ Santos, Luís Reis. Monuments of Portugal. Lisbon, 1940.

   ■ Santos, Reinaldo dos. A Escultura em Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1948-50.

   ■. História da Arte em Portugal. Oporto, 1953.

   ■ Sasportes, José. História da Dança em Portugal. Lisbon, 1970. Simões, J. M. dos Santos. "Azulejos in a Land of Many Colours." Connoisseur (London) CXXXVII, 551 (1956): 15-21.

   ■. Azulejaria em Portugal no Século X VIII. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Smith, Robert C. A Talha em Portugal. Lisbon, 1963.

   ■. The Art of Portugal, 1500-1800. London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968.

   ■. "The Building of Mafra." Apollo 97, 134 (April 1973): 360-67.

   ■ Stoop, Anne de. Demeures portugaises dans les environs de Lisbonne. Paris: Weber, 1986.

   ■. Palais et manoirs: Le Minho. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1995.

   ■ Tannock, Michael. Portuguese 20th Century Artists: A Biographical Dictionary. Chichester, U.K.: Phillimore, 1978.

   ■ Taylor, René. "The Architecture of Port Wine." The Architectural Review CXXIX, 772 (1961): 368-99.

   ■ Terol, Marylene. Azulejos a Lisbonne. Paris: Hervas, 1992.

   ■ Veiga de Oliveira, Ernesto. Instrumentos musicais populares portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Watson, Walter Crum. Portuguese Architecture. London: Constable, 1908. Wohl, Hellmut. "Carlos Mardel and His Lisbon Architecture." Apollo 97, 134 (April 1973): 350-59.

   ■ Sculpture and Ceramics

   ■ Andrade, Sergio de. "Presepios." In Dicionario de Arte Barroca em Portugal. Lisbon: Presenca, 1989. Barreira, Joao. Arte Portuguesa, Arquitectura e Escultura. Lisbon: Excelsior, n.d.

   ■ Cardoso, Arnaldo Pinto. O Presepio Barroco Portugues. Lisbon: Bertrand, 2003.

   ■ Chaves, Luis. Os Barristas Portugueses. Coimbra, 1925.

   ■. Natal Portugues. Oporto: Liv. Classica Editora, 1942.

   ■ Gargano, Pietro. Il Presepio. Otto Secoli di Storia, Arte, Tradizione. Milan: Fenice, 1995.

   ■ Lima, Henrique de Campos F. Joaquim Machado de Castro, Escultor Conimbricense. Coimbra: Instituto de Historia de Arte, 1989. Macedo, Diogo de. Presepios Portugueses. Lisbon: Artis, 1951.

   ■. Machado de Castro. Lisbon: Artis, 1958.

   ■ Morais, Heitor. Natal do Meu Coracao. Braga: Ed. A.O., 1991.

   ■ Pais, Alexandre Nobre. Presepios Portugueses Monumentos do Seculo XVIII em Terracotta, 2 vols. Master's thesis in history of art, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1998.

   ■ Queiros, Jose. Ceramica Portuguesa. Lisbon: Presenca, 1998. Santos, Reinaldo dos. A Escultura em Portugal. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1951. Serrao, Vitor. Historia da Arte em Portugal IV-O Barroco. Lisbon: Presenca, 2003.

   ■ Smith, Robert C. The Art Of Portugal 1500-1800. New York: Meredith Press, 1968.

   ■ Sousa, Ernesto de. Presepios. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1998.

   ■ Cinema

   ■ Antunes, Joao and Jose de Matos-Cruz, Cinema Portugues 1896-1998. Lisbon: Lusomundo, 1997.

   ■ Bandeira, Jose Gomes. Porto: 100 anos de cinema portugues. Oporto: Camara Municipal do Porto, 1996. Duarte, Fernando. Primitivos do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Cinecultura, 1960.

   ■ Faria de Almeida, M., Resumo da Historia do Cinema. Lisbon: RTP, 1982. Nobre, Roberto. Singularidades do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Portugalia, n.d.

   ■ Pina, Luis de. Aventura do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Vega, 1977.

   ■. Documentarismo Portugues. Lisbon: IPC, 1977.

   ■. Panorama do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Terra Livre, 1978.

   ■. Historia do Cinema Portugues. Mem Martins: Europa-America, 1986.

   ■ Ribeiro, Felix. O Cinema Portugues antes do Sonoro. Esboco Historiconema Portugues. Lisbon: Terra Livre, 1978.

   ■. Panorama do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: n.d.

   ■ Children's Literature

   ■ Andresen, Sofia de Melo Breyner. A Fada Oriana. 9th ed. Lisbon: Figueiri-nhas, 1985.

   ■ Araújo, Matilde Rosa. A estrada fascinante. Lisbon: Livros Horizonte, 1988. Barreto, Garcia. Literatura Para Crianças E Jovens Em Portugal. Oporto:

   ■ Campo Das Letras, 1998. Bastos, Glória. A escrita para crianças em Portugal no seculo XIX. Lisbon:

   ■ Caminho da Educaçao, 1997. Cadet, Maria Rita Chiappe. Os Contos da Mamã. Lisbon: Lallement Freres, 1883.

   ■ Castro, Fernanda. Mariazinha em Africa, 2nd ed. Lisbon: Portugália, 1947. Cross, Esther, and Wilbur Cross. Portugal. Chicago: Childrens Press, 1986. DeSkalon, Anna, and Christa Stadtler. We Live in Portugal. New York: Watts, 1987.

   ■ Gomes, Alice. A Nau Catrineta, 2nd ed. Lisbon: Portugália, 1973.

   ■. A literatura para a infância. Lisbon: Torres & Abreu, 1979.

   ■ Letria, José Jorge. Do sentimento mágico da vida. Lisbon: Escritor, 1994. Müller, Adolfo Simões. Historiazinha de Portugal, 6th ed. Oporto: Tavares Martins, 1983.

   ■ Osório, Ana de Castro. Para as crianças. Illustr. by Leal da Câmara. Setúbal: Liv. Crianças, 1908.

   ■ Pires, Maria Laura Bettencourt. História da literatura infantil portuguesa. Lisbon: Vega, 1981. Ribeiro, Aquilino. Arca de Noé-III Classe. Lisbon, 1989. Rocha, Natércia. Breve História da Literatura para Crianças em Portugal. Lisbon: Instituto de Cultura e Língua Portuguesa, 1984.

   ■. Bibliografia geral da literatura portuguesa para crianças. Lisbon: Edit. Comunicação, 1987.

   ■ Sá, Domingos Guimarães de. A literatura infantil em Portugal. Braga: Edit. Franciscana, 1981.

   ■ Selfridge. John. Portugal. New York: Chelsea House, 1990. Vaz de Carvalho, Maria Amália. Contos para os Nossos Filhos, 11th ed. Oporto: Barreira, 1947.

   ■ Viana, António Manuel Couto. Jõao de Deus e um século de literatura infantil em Portugal. Lisbon: Ed. do Templo, 1978.

   ■ Lisbon, Capital City, in History and Literature

   ■ Castelo-Branco, Fernando. Lisboa Seiscentista, 3rd ed. Lisbon: 1969.

   ■ Castilho, Júlio de. Lisboa Antiga, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1935-45.

   ■ Couto, Dejanirah. Histoire de Lisbonne. Paris: Fayard, 2000.

   ■ Crespo, Ángel. Lisboa Mítica e Literária. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1987.

   ■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Lisboa Desaparecida. Lisbon: Quimera, 1990.

   ■ Dionísio, Sant'anna, ed. Guia de Portugal. Vol. I: Lisboa e Arredores. Lisbon: Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, 1924, orig. ed; reprint, Gulbenkian Foundation, 1979.

   ■ França, José-Augusto. Lisboa Pombalina e o Iluminismo. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1977.

   ■ Moita, Irisalva, ed. O Livro de Lisboa. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1994.

   ■ Neves, Orlando. Lisboa em Crónica. Lisbon: Author's Ed., 1968.

   ■ Pavão, Luís, and Mário Pereira. Tabernas de Lisboa. Lisbon: Assírio & Alvim, 1981.

   ■ Pessoa, Fernando. Lisboa. O que o turista deve ver: What the Tourist Should See. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1997.

   ■ Queirós, José Maria Eça de. À Capital. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1960.

   ■ Santos, Piedade Braga, et al. Lisboa Setecentista vista por Estrangeiros. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1996.

   ■ Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa. Lisbon: Caminho, 1993.

   ■ Wright, David, and Patrick Swift. Lisbon: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1971.

   ■ The Inquisition in History

   ■ Azevedo, João Lúcio. Historia das Cristãos-Novos. Lisbon: Liv. Clássica, 1975.

   ■ Baião, António. A Inquisição em Portugal e no Brasil: Subsídios para a sua história. Lisbon: Arquivo Histórico Portugues, 1906. Bethencourt, Francisco. "Portugal: A Scrupulous Inquisition," In Bengt Ankarloo and Gustav Henningsen, eds., Early Modern Witchcraft: Centres and Peripheries, 403-22. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.

   ■. "Os equilíbrios sociais do Poder." In José Mattoso, ed., Historia De Portugal, Vol. 3, No Alvorecer Da Modernidade ( 1480-1620). Lisbon: Estampa, 1993.

   ■. História das Inquisições: Portugal, Espanha e Itália. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1994.

   ■ Braga, Maria Luísa. A Inquisição em Portugal na primeira metade do Séc. XVIII. Lisbon: Inst. Nacional de Investigação Científica, 1992.

   ■ Haliczer, Stephen, ed. Inquisition and Society in Early Modern Europe. London: Croom Helm, 1987.

   ■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. Reprint. New York: AMS Press, 1968.

   ■ Magalhães, Joaquim Romero. "Em Busca dos Tempos da Inquisição (15731615)." Revista de História das Ideias 9 (1987): 191-228.

   ■ Mea, Elvira Cunha Azevedo. A Inquisição de Coimbra no Século XVI. Oporto, 1989.

   ■ Mendonça, José Lourenço D. de, and António Joaquim Moreira. História da Inquisição em Portugal. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1980.

   ■ Novinsky, Anita, and Luísa M. Carneiro, eds. Inquisição: Ensaios sobre Mentalidade, Heresias e Arte. Rio de Janeiro: Expressão e Cultura, 1992.

   ■ Pereira, Isais da Rosa. Documentos para a história da Inquisição em Portugal. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Rego, Yvonne Cunha, ed. Feiticeiros, Profetas e Visionários: Textos Antigos Portugueses. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional e Casa da Moeda, 1981.

   ■ Saraiva, António José. Inquisição e cristãos-novos. Lisbon: Estampa, 1985.

   ■ Walker, Timothy Dale. "Doctors, Folk Medicine and the Inquisition: The Repression of Popular Healing in Portugal during the Enlightenment Era." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of History, Boston University, 2001.

   ■ Literature in English Translation: Selection

   ■ Alcaforado, Mariana. The Letters of a Portuguese Nun ( Mariana Alcaforado). Edgar Prestage, trans. London: D. Nutt, 1893.

   ■ Andrade, Eugénio de. "White on White." Alexis Levitin, trans. Quarterly Review of Literature. Poetry Series VIII. Vol. 27. Princeton, N.J., 1987.

   ■. Another Name for Earth; O outro nome da terra. Alexis Levitin, trans. Ft. Bragg, Calif.: QED Press, 1997.

   ■ Andresen, Sophia de Mello Breyner. Marine Rose: Selected Poems. Ruth Fain-light, trans. Redding Ridge, Conn.: Swan Books, 1989.

   ■ Antunes, António Lobo. South of Nowhere. Elizabeth Lowe, trans. New York: Random House, 1983.

   ■. Fado Alexandrino. Gregory Rabassa, trans. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1990.

   ■. An Explanation of the Birds. Richard Zenith, trans. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991.

   ■. Act of the Damned. New York: Grove Press, 1995.

   ■. The Natural Order of Things. New York: Grove Press, 2000.

   ■ Barreno, Maria Isabel, Maria Teresa Horta, and Maria Velho da Costa. The Three Marias: New Portuguese Letters. Helen R. Lane, trans. New York: Doubleday, 1975.

   ■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. Poems from the Portuguese ( with the Portuguese text). A.

   ■ Bell, trans. Oxford: Blackwell, 1913.

   ■ Camões, Luís de. The Lusiads of Luís de Camões. Leonard Bacon, trans. New York: Hispanic Society of America, 1950.

   ■. The Lusiads. William C. Atkinson, trans. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1952.

   ■. The Lusiads. Landeg White, trans. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

   ■ Castelo Branco, Camilo. Doomed Love ( A Family Memoir). Alice R. Clemente, trans Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1995. Castro, José Maria Ferreira de. Emigrants. Dorothy Ball, trans. New York: Macmillan, 1962.

   ■. Jungle. Charles Duff, trans. New York: Viking, 1935.

   ■. The Mission. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Hamilton, 1963.

   ■ Dantas, Júlio. The Cardinals' Collation, 48th ed. A. Saintsbury, trans. London, 1962.

   ■ Dias de Melo. Dark Stones. Gregory McNab, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1996.

   ■ Dinis, Júlio. The Fidalgos of Casa Mourisca. Rosanna Dabney, trans. Boston: D. Lothrop, 1891.

   ■ Garrett, Almeida. Brother Luiz de Sousa [play]. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: Elkin Mathess, 1909.

   ■. Travels in My Homeland. John M. Parker, trans. London: Peter Owen and UNESCO, 1987. Griffin, Jonathan. Camões: Some Poems Translated from the Portuguese by Jonathan Griffin. London: Menard Press, 1976. Jorge, Lídia. The Murmuring Coast. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.

   ■ Lisboa, Eugénio, ed. Portuguese Short Fiction. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1997.

   ■ Lopes, Fernão. The English in Portugal 1367-87: Extracts from the Chronicles of Dom Fernando and Dom João. Derek W. Lomax and R. J. Oakley, eds. and trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.

   ■ Macedo, Helder, ed. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry: An Anthology in English. Helder Macedo, et al., trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet New Press, 1978.

   ■ Martins, J. P. De Oliveira. A History of Iberian Civilization. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans.; preface by Salvador de Madariaga. New York: Cooper Square, 1969.

   ■ Mendes Pinto, Fernão. The Travels of Mendes Pinto [Orig. title: Peregrinação].

   ■ Rebecca D. Catz, trans., with introduction and notes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989. Miguéis, José Rodrigues. A Man Smiles at Death with Half a Face. George

   ■ Monteiro, trans. Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1991.

   ■. Happy Easter. John Byrne, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1995.

   ■. Steerage and Ten Other Stories. George Monteiro, ed. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1998. Monteiro, Luís De Sttau. The Rules of the Game. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Hamilton, 1965.

   ■ Mourão-Ferreira, David. Lucky in Love. Christine Robinson, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1999. Namora, Fernando. Field of Fate. Dorothy Ball, trans. London: Macmillan, 1970.

   ■. Mountain Doctor. Dorothy Ball, trans. London: Macmillan, 1956.

   ■ Nemésio, Vitorino. Inclement Weather over the Channel. Francisco Cota Fagundes, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1993.

   ■. Stormy Isles: An Azorean Tale. Francisco C. Fagundes, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 2000.

   ■ Paço D'Arcos, Joaquim. Memoirs of a Banknote. Robert Lyle, trans. London, 1968.

   ■ Pedroso, Consiglieri, comp. Portuguese Folk-Tales. Henriqueta Monteiro, trans. Reprint of orig. 1882 ed. New York: Benjamin Blom, 1969.

   ■ Pessoa, Fernando. Fernando Pessoa: Sixty Portuguese Poems. F. E. G. Quintanilha, ed. and trans. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1971.

   ■. Selected Poems: Fernando Pessoa. 2nd rev. ed. Jonathan Griffin, trans. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1982.

   ■. The Book of Disquiet. Alfred MacAdams, trans. New York: Pantheon, 1991.

   ■. Fernando Pessoa: Selected Poems. Peter Rickard, ed. and trans. Edinburgh, U.K.: Edinburgh University Press, 1991.

   ■. "The Mariner: A 'Static Drama' in One Act." In Translation: Portugal.

   ■ George Ritchie, et al., trans. The Journal of Literary Translation. Vol. XXV, 38-56. New York: Translation Center, Columbia University, 1991.

   ■. Message: Bilingual Edition. Jonathan Griffin, trans. London: Menard Press and King's College, 1992.

   ■ Pires, José Cardoso. Ballad of a Dog's Beach. Mary Fitton, trans. London: J. M. Dent, 1986.

   ■ Queirós, José Maria Eça de. Cousin Bazilio. Roy Campbell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1953.

   ■. The Relic. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1954.

   ■. The City and the Mountains. Roy Campbell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1955.

   ■. The Sin of Father Amaro. Nan Flanagan, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1962.

   ■. The Maias. Patricia McGowan Pinheiro, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1965.

   ■. The Illustrious House of Ramires. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1968.

   ■. Letters from England. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1970.

   ■. To the Capital. John Vetch, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1995.

   ■ Quental, Antero de. Sixty-four Sonnets. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: David Nutt, 1894.

   ■ Redol, Alves. The Man with Seven Names. L. L. Barrett, trans. New York: Knopf, 1964.

   ■ Resende, André de. André deResende's 'Poema Latina'/ 'Latinpoems.' J. C. R. Martyn, ed. and trans. Lewiston N.Y.: Lampeter and Edwin Mellen, 1998. Ribeiro, Aquilino. When the Wolves Howl. Patricia McGowan Pinheiro, trans. New York: Macmillan; London: Cape, 1963. Sá Carneiro, Mário de. The Great Shadow ( and Other Stories). Margaret Jull Costa, trans. Sawtry, U.K.: Dedalus, 1996. Santareno, Bernardo. The Promise. Nelson H. Vieira, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1981.

   ■ Saramago, José. Baltasar and Blimunda. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1987.

   ■. The Stone Raft. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1991.

   ■. The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1991.

   ■. The History of the Siege of Lisbon. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1996.

   ■. Blindness. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1999.

   ■. Tale of the Unknown Island. New York: Harcourt Brace, 2000.

   ■. All the Names. Margaret Jull Costa, trans. New York: Harcourt, 2000.

   ■. Journey to Portugal. New York: Harcourt Brace, 2001.

   ■ Sena, Jorge de. The Poetry of Jorge de Sena: A Bilingual Selection. Frederick G. Williams et al., trans. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Mudborn Press, 1980.

   ■. By the Rivers of Babylon and Other Stories. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1989.

   ■ Vicente, Gil. Four Plays of Gil Vicente: Edited from the Editio Princeps ( 1562). Aubrey F. G. Bell, ed. and trans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1920.

   ■. Lyrics of Gil Vicente. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Hispanic Notes and Monographs, Portuguese Series 1, 1921.

   ■. The Play of Rubena. Jack E. Tomlins, trans.; Rene P. Garay and José I. Suarez, eds. New York: National Hispanic Foundation for Humanities, 1993.

   ■. The Boat Plays. David Johnston, trans. and adaptation. London: Oberon, 1996.

   ■. Three Discovery Plays. Anthony Lappin, trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1997.

   ■ Vieira, António. Dust Thou Art. Rev. W. Anderson, trans. London, 1882.

   ■ Portuguese and Portuguese-American Cooking: Cuisine

   ■ Anderson, Jean. Food of Portugal. New York: Hearst, 1994. Asselin, E. Donald. A Portuguese-American Cookbook. Rutland, Vt.: Charles E. Tuttle, 1966.

   ■ Bourne, Ursula. Portuguese Cookery. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1973. Crato, Maria Helena Tavares. Cozinha Portuguesa I, II. Lisbon: Editorial Presença, 1978.

   ■ Dienhart, Miriam, and Anne Emerson, ed. Cooking in Portugal. Cascais: American Women of Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Feibleman, Peter S. The Cooking of Spain and Portugal. New York: Time-Life Books; Foods of the World, 1969.

   ■ Koehler, Margaret H. Recipes from the Portuguese of Provincetown. Riverside, Conn.: Chatham Press, 1973. Manjny, Maite. The Home Book of Portuguese Cookery. London: Faber & Faber, 1974.

   ■ Marques, Susan Lowndes. Good Food from Spain and Portugal. London: Muller, 1956.

   ■ Modesto, Maria de Lourdes. Cozinha Tradicional Portuguesa. Lisbon: Verbo, 1982.

   ■ Ortiz, Elisabeth Lambert. The Food of Spain and Portugal. The Complete Iberian Cuisine. New York: Atheneum, 1989. Pinto, Elvira. La Bonne Cuisine Portugaise. Paris: Edicions Garanciere, 1985.

   ■ Robertson, Carol. Portuguese Cooking: The Authentic and Robust Cuisine of Portugal. Berkeley Calif.: North Atlantic, 1993. Schmaeling, Tony. The Cooking of Spain and Portugal. Ware, U.K.: Omega, 1983.

   ■ Vieira, Édite. The Taste of Portugal. London: Robinson, 1989.

   ■ Von Treskow, Maria. Zü Gast in Portugal: Eine Kulnarische Reise in Garten Europas. Weingarten: Kunstverlag, 1989. Wright, Carol. Portuguese Food. London: Dent, 1969.

   ■. Self-catering in Portugal: Making the Most of Local Food and Drink. London: Croom Helm, 1986.

   ■ Gardens and Gardening of Portugal and Madeira

   ■ Afonso, Simonetta Luz, and Angela Delaforce. Palace of Queluz— The Gardens. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Araújo, Iluídio Alves de. Arte Paisagista e Arte das Jardins em Portugal. Lisbon, 1962.

   ■ Azeredo, Francisco de. Casas Senhoriais Portuguesas. Barcelos, 1986.

   ■ Binney, Marcus. Country Manors of Portugal. New York: Scala Books, 1987.

   ■ Bowe, Patrick, and Nicolas Sapieha. Gardens of Portugal. New York: Scala Books and Harper and Row, 1989.

   ■ Cane, Florence du. The Flowers and Gardens of Madeira. London, 1924.

   ■ Cardoso, Pedro Homem, and Helder Carita. Da Grandeza das Jardins em Portugal. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Carita, Helder, and Homem Cardoso. Portuguese Gardens. London: Antique Collector's Club, 1987.

   ■ Costa, António da, and Luís de O. Franquinho. Madeira: Plantas e Floras. Funchal, 1986.

   ■ Nichols, Rose Standish. Spanish and Portuguese Gardens. Boston, 1926.

   ■ Pereira, Arthur D. Sintra and Its Farm Manors. Sintra, 1983.

   ■ Sampaio, Gonçalo. Flora Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1946.

   ■ Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1945.

   ■ Underwood, John, and Pat Underwood. Landscapes of Madeira. London, 1980.

   ■ Vieira, Rui. Flowers of Madeira. Funchal, 1973.

   ■ Viterbo, Francisco Marques de Sousa. A Jardinagem em Portugal, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1906-9.

   ■ Education, Science, Health, and Medical History

   ■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Estudos de História, 3 vols. Coimbra, 1973-81.

   ■. Ciência e experiência nos Descobrimentos portugueses. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■. Para a História de Ciência em Portugal. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■. As Navegaçoes E A Sua Projecção Na Ciência E Na Cultura. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Baião, Antônio. Episódios Dramáticos da Inquisição Portuguesa, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1936-55.

   ■ Cabreira, Antônio. Portugal nos mares e nas ciências. Lisbon, 1929. Carvalho, Rômulo de. A Astronomia em Portugal (séc. xviii). Lisbon, 1985. Fernandes, Barahona. Egas Moniz: Pioneiro de descobrimentos médicos. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Gaitonde, P. D. Portuguese Pioneers in India: Spotlight on Medicine. London: Sangam Books, 1983.

   ■ Hanson, Carl A. "Portuguese Cosmology in the Late Seventeenth Century." In Benjamin F. Taggie and Richard W. Clement, eds., Iberia & the Mediterranean, 75-85. Warrensburg: Central Missouri State University, 1989.

   ■ Higgins, Michael H., and Charles F. S. de Winton. Survey of Education in Portugal. London, 1942.

   ■ Hirsch, Elizabeth Feist. Damião de Góis: The Life and Thought of a Portuguese Humanist. The Hague, 1967.

   ■ Lemos, Maximiano. Arquivos de História da Medicina Portuguesa. Several vols. Lisbon, 1886-1923. Vol. I. História da Medicina em Portugal. Doutrina e Instituições. Lisbon, 1899.

   ■ Mira, Matias Ferreira de. História da Medicina Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1948.

   ■ Orta, Garcia de. Colóquios dos Simples e Drogas e Cousas Medicinais da India. Conde de Ficalho, ed., 2 vols. Lisbon, 1891-95.

   ■ Osório, J. Pereira. História e Desenvolvimento da Ciência em Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1986-89.

   ■ Pina, Luís de. "Uma prioridade portuguesa do século XVI. João de Barros e a Dactiloscópia Oriental." Arquivo da Repartição de Antropologia Criminal IV (1936).

   ■. "As Ciências na História do Império Colonial Português — Séculos XV a XIX." Anais de Faculdade de Ciências do Porto ( 1939-10).

   ■. "Os Portugueses Mestres de Ciência e Metras no Estrangeiro." Actas do Congresso do Mundo Português. Lisbon, 1940.

   ■. "A Ciência em Portugal (bosquejo Histórico)." In Secretariado Nacional da Informação, ed., Portugal: Breviário Da Pátria Para Os Portugueses Ausentes, 277-301. Lisbon, 1946.

   ■ Richards, Robert A. C., ed. Guide to World Science: Vol. 9: Spain and Portugal, 2nd ed. Guernsey, U.K.: F. H. Books, 1974.

   ■ Saraiva, António José. História da Cultura em Portugal, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1950-62.

   ■ ———. "João de Barros." In Serrao, ed., Dicionário de História de Portugal 1 (1963): 307-8.

   ■ Silvestre Ribeiro, José. História dos Establecimentos Scientíficos, Literários e Artísticos de Portugal nos Successivos Reinados da Monarchia, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1871-83.

   ■ Veiga-Pires, J. A., and Ronald G. Grainger, eds. Pioneers in Angiography: The Portuguese School ofAngiography. Lancaster, U.K.: MTP Press, 1982.

   ■ Walker, Timothy. "Doctors, Folk Medicine and the Inquisition: The Repression of Popular Healing in Portugal during the Enlightenment Era." Ph.D. dissertation, History Department, Boston University, 2001.

   ■ Feminism and Women's Studies

   ■ Barbosa, Madelena. "Women in Portugal." Women's Studies International Quarterly 4 (1981): 477-80.

   ■ Barreno, Maria Isabel, Maria Teresa Horta, and Maria Velho da Costa. Novas Cartas Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1972.

   ■ ———. The Three Marias. New Portuguese Letters. Helen R. Lane, trans. New York: Doubleday, 1975.

   ■ Brettell, Caroline B. We Have Already Cried Many Tears: The Stories of Three Portuguese Migrant Women. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman, 1982.

   ■ Ferreira, Virginia. "Engendering Portugal: Social Change, State Politics, and Women's Social Mobilization." In António Costa Pinto, ed., Modern Portugal, 162-88. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.

   ■ Goodwin, Mary. "Portuguese Feminism." Portuguese Studies Newsletter 17 (Spring-Summer 1987): 12-13.

   ■ Lamas, Maria. As Mulheres do Meu País. Lisbon, 1948.

   ■ "Mulheres Portuguesas e Feminismo." Análise Social [special number on Portuguese Women and Feminism] 22 (1986): 92-93.

   ■ Osório, Ana de Castro. As Mulheres Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1905.

   ■ Sadlier, Darlene J. The Question of How: Women Writers and New Portuguese Literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood; Contributions in Women's Studies, no. 109, 1989.

   ■ Silva, Manuela. The Employment of Women in Portugal. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications, European Communities, 1984. Velho da Costa, Maria. Maina Mendes. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■ Vicente, Ana, and Maria Reynolds de Souza. Family Planning in Portugal. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■ Religion and Catholic Church

   ■ Almeida, Fortunato de. História da Igreja em Portugal. 6 vols. Coimbra, 1910-24, and Oporto, 1967-72. Alonso, Joaquim Maria. The Secret of Fátima: Fact and Legend. Cambridge, Mass.: Ravengate Press, 1979. Alves, José da Felicidade, ed. Católicos e política de Humberto Delgado à Marcelo Caetano. Lisbon, 1969. Araújo, Miguel de, ed. Dicionario político; 1; Os Bispos e a revoluçao de Abril. Lisbon, 1976. Bishko, Charles Julian. Spanish and Portuguese Monastic History 600-1300. London, Variorum Reprints, 1984.

   ■ Blanshard, Paul. Freedom and Catholic Power in Spain and Portugal. Boston: Beacon Press, 1962.

   ■ Boxer, C. R. The Church Militant and Iberian Expansion 1440-1770. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978. Bruneau, Thomas C. "Church and State in Portugal: Crises of Cross and Sword." Journal of Church and State XVIII (1976): 463-90. Freire, José Geraldes. Resistência Católico ao Salazarismo-Marcelismo. Oporto, 1976.

   ■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. John C. Banner, trans. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1962.

   ■ IPOPE. Estudo sobre liberdade e religião em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973. Johnston, Francis. Fátima: The Great Sign. Chulmleigh, U.K.: Augustine Publications, 1980.

   ■ Kondor, Fr. Louis. Fátima in Lucia's Own Words: Sister Lucia's Memoirs. Fatima: Postulation Center, 1976. Lourenço, Joaquim Maria. Situação jurídica da Igreja em Portugal. Coimbra, 1943.

   ■ Mattoso, José. Religião e Cultura na Idade Média Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1982. Miller, Samuel J. Portugal and Rome c. 1748-1830: An Aspect of Catholic Enlightenment. Rome: Universita Gregoriana Editrice, 1978. O'Malley, John W. The First Jesuits. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.

   ■ Pattee, Richard. Portugal and the Portuguese World. Milwaukee, Wisc.: Bruce, 1957.

   ■ Prestage, Edgar. Portugal: A Pioneer of Christianity. Lisbon, 1945.

   ■ Richard, Robert. Etudes sur l'histoire morale et religieuse de Portugal. Paris: Centro Cultural de Gulbenkian, 1970.

   ■ Robinson, Richard A. H. "The Religious Question and Catholic Revival in Portugal, 1900-1930." Journal of Contemporary History XII (1977): 345-62.

   ■. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, R. P. Francisco. História da Companhia de Jesus na Assistência de Portugal, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1931-50.

   ■ Roth, Cecil. A History of the Marranos. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1932.

   ■ Agriculture, Viticulture, and Fishing

   ■ Abreu-Ferreira, Darlene. "The Portuguese in Newfoundland: Documentary Evidence Examined." Portuguese Studies Review 4, 1 (1995-96): 11-33.

   ■ Allen, H. Warner. The Wines of Portugal. London: Michael Joseph, 1963.

   ■ Barros, Afonso de. A reforma agrária em Portugal. Oeiras, 1979.

   ■ Beamish, Huldine V. The Hills of Alentejo. London: Geoffrey Bles, 1958.

   ■ Bennett, Norman R. "The Golden Age of the Port Wine System, 1781-1807." The International History Review XII (1990): 221-18.

   ■ Black, Richard. "The Myth of Subsistence: Market Production in the Small Farm Sector of Northern Portugal." Iberian Studies 1, 8 (1989): 25-41.

   ■ Bravo, Pedro, and Duarte de Oliveira. Viticulture Moderna. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. Vinhas e Vinhos De Portugal. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Cabral, Manuel V. "Agrarian Structures and Recent Movements in Portugal." Journal of Peasant Studies 4, 5 (July 1978): 411-45.

   ■ Cardoso, José Carvalho. A Agricultura Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Carvalho, Bento de. Guía Dos Vinhos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Clarke, Robert. Open Boat Whaling in the Azores: The History and Present Methods of a Relic Industry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954.

   ■ Cockburn, Ernest. Port Wine and Oporto. London: Wine & Spirit, 1949. Cole, S. C. "Cod, Cod Country and Family: The Portuguese Newfoundland Fishery." Mast 3, 1 (1990): 1-29.

   ■ Coull, James. The Fisheries of Europe. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1972.

   ■ Croft-Cooke, Rupert. Port. London: Putnam, 1957.

   ■. Madeira. London: Putnam, 1961.

   ■ Delaforce, John. The Factory House at Oporto. London: Christie's Wine Publications, 1979 and later eds.

   ■ Doel, Patricia A. Port O'Call: Memories of the Portuguese White Fleet in St. John's Newfoundland. St. John's, Newfoundland: ISER, 1992.

   ■ Fletcher, Wyndham. Port: An Introduction to Its History and Delights. London: Bernet, 1978.

   ■ Francis, A. D. The Wine Trade. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1972.

   ■ Freitas, Eduardo, João Ferreira de Almeida, and Manuel Villaverde Cabral. Modalidades de penetração do capitalismo na agricultura: estruturas agrárias em Portugal Continental, 1950-1970. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Gonçalves, Francisco Esteves. Portugal: A Wine Country. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■ Gulbenkian Foundation. Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Kurlansky, Mark. Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. New York: Walker, 1997.

   ■ Malefakis, Edward. "Two Iberian Land Reforms Compared: Spain, 1931-1936 and Portugal, 1974—1978." In Gulbenkian Foundation, Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Moreira da Fonseca, A. Port Wine: Notes on Its History, Production and Technology. Oporto, 1981.

   ■ Moutinho, M. História da pesca do bacalhau. Lisbon: Imprensa Universitária, 1985.

   ■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. lntrodução a história da agricultura em Portugal.

   ■ Lisbon, 1968. Pato, Octávio. O Vinho. Lisbon, 1971.

   ■ Pearson, Scott R. Portuguese Agriculture in Transition. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987.

   ■ Postgate, Raymond. Portuguese Wine. London: Dent, 1969.

   ■ Read, Jan. The Wines of Portugal. London: Faber & Faber, 1982.

   ■ Robertson, George. Port. London: Faber & Faber, 1982 ed.

   ■ Rutledge, Ian. "Land Reform and the Portuguese Revolution." Journal of Peasant Studies 5, 1 (Oct. 1977): 79-97.

   ■ Sanceau, Elaine. The British Factory at Oporto. Oporto, 1970.

   ■ Simon, Andre L. Port. London: Constable, 1934.

   ■ Simões, J. Os grandes trabalhadores do Mar: Reportagens na Terra Nova e na Groenlândia. Lisbon: Gazeta dos Caminho de Ferro, 1942.

   ■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992: Special Report. New York: Camões Center/RIIC, Columbia University, 1990.

   ■ Stanislawski, Dan. Landscapes of Bacchus: The Vine in Portugal. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970.

   ■ Teixeira, Carlos, and Victor M. Pereira da Rosa, eds. The Portuguese in Canada: From the Seat to the City. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.

   ■ Unwin, Tim. "Farmers' Perceptions of Agrarian Change in Northwest Portugal." Journal of Rural Studies 1, 4 (1985): 339-57.

   ■ Valadão do Valle, E. Bacalhau: tradições históricas e económicos. Lisbon, 1991.

   ■ Venables, Bernard. Baleia! The Whalers of Azores. London: Bodley Head, 1968.

   ■ Villiers, Alan. The Quest of the Schooner Argus: A Voyage to the Banks and Greenland. New York: Scribners, 1951. World Bank. Portugal: Agricultural Survey. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.

   ■ ECONOMY, INDUSTRY, AND DEVELOPMENT

   ■ Aiyer, Srivain, and Shahid A. Chandry. Portugal and the E.E.C.: Employment and Implications. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Baklanoff, Eric N. The Economic Transformation of Spain and Portugal. New York: Praeger, 1978.

   ■. "Changing Systems: The Portuguese Revolution and the Public Enterprise Sector." ACES ( Association of Comparative Economic Studies) Bulletin 26 (Summer-Fall 1984): 63-76.

   ■. "Portugal's Political Economy: Old and New." In K. Maxwell and M. Haltzel, eds., Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy, 37-59. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.

   ■ Barbosa, Manuel P. Growth, Migration and the Balance of Payments in a Small, Open Economy. New York: Garland, 1984.

   ■ Braga de Macedo, Jorge, and Simon Serfaty, eds. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981.

   ■ Carvalho, Camilo, et al. Sabotagem Econômica: " Dossier" Banco Espírito Santo e Comercial de Lisboa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Corkill, David. The Development of the Portuguese Economy: A Case of Euro-peanization. London: Routledge, 1999.

   ■ Cravinho, João. "The Portuguese Economy: Constraints and Opportunities." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 111-65. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Dornsbusch, Rudiger, Richard S. Eckhaus, and Lane Taylor. "Analysis and Projection of Macroeconomic Conditions in Portugal." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 299-330. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■ The Economist (London). "On the Edge of Europe: A Survey of Portugal." (June 30, 1981): 3-27.

   ■. "Coming Home: A Survey of Portugal." (May 28, 1988).

   ■. 'The New Iberia: Not Quite Kissing Cousins" [Spain and Portugal]. (May 5, 1990): 21-24.

   ■ Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian and German Marshall Fund of the U.S., eds. II Conferência Internacional sobre e Economia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Hudson, Mark. Portugal to 1993: Investing in a European Future. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit/Special Report No. 11 57/EIU Economic Prospects Series, 1989.

   ■ International Labour Office (ILO). Employment and Basic Needs in Portugal. Geneva: ILO, 1979.

   ■ Kavalsky, Basil, and Surendra Agarwal. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.

   ■ Krugman, Paul, and Jorge Braga de Macedo. "The Economic Consequences of the April 25th Revolution." Economia III (1979): 455-83.

   ■ Lewis, John R., and Alan M. Williams. "The Sines Project: Portugal's Growth Centre or White Elephant?" Town Planning Review 56, 3 (1985): 339-66.

   ■ Makler, Harry M. "The Consequences of the Survival and Revival of the Industrial Bourgeoisie." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 251-83. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Marques, A. La Politique Economique Portugaise dans la Période de la Dictature ( 1926-1974). Doctoral thesis, 3rd cycle, University of Grenoble, France, 1980.

   ■ Martins, B. Sociedades e grupos em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Mata, Eugenia, and Nuno Valério. História Econômica De Portugal: Uma Perspectiva Global. Lisbon: Edit. Presença, 1994. Murteira, Mário. "The Present Economic Situation: Its Origins and Prospects." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 331-42. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979. OCED. Economic Survey: Portugal: 1988. Paris: OCED, 1988 [see also this series since 1978].

   ■ Pasquier, Albert. L'Economie du Portugal: Données et Problémes de Son Expansion. Paris: Librarie Generale de Droit, 1961. Pereira da Moura, Francisco. Para onde vai e economia portuguesa? Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Pintado, V. Xavier. Structure and Growth of the Portuguese Economy. Geneva: EFTA, 1964.

   ■ Pitta e Cunha, Paulo. "Portugal and the European Economic Community." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 321-38. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■. "The Portuguese Economic System and Accession to the European Community." In E. Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 281-300. Lisbon, 1985. Porto, Manuel. "Portugal: Twenty Years of Change." In Alan Williams, ed., Southern Europe Transformed, 84-112. London: Harper & Row, 1984. Quarterly Economic Review. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 1974-present.

   ■ Salgado de Matos, Luís. Investimentos Estrangeiros em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973 and later eds.

   ■ Schmitt, Hans O. Economic Stabilisation and Growth in Portugal. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1981.

   ■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Columbia University, 1989.

   ■ Tillotson, John. The Portuguese Bank Note Case [ 1920s]: Legal, Economic and Financial Approaches to the Measure of Damages in Contract. Manchester, U.K.: Faculty of Law, University of Manchester, 1992.

   ■ Tovias, Alfred. Foreign Economic Relations of the Economic Community: The Impact of Spain and Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1990.

   ■ Valério, Nuno. A moeda em Portugal, 1913-1947. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1984.

   ■. As Finanças Públicas Portuguesas Entre As Duas Guerras Mundiais. Lisbon: Cosmos, 1994.

   ■ World Bank. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978 and to the present.

   ■ PHOTOGRAPHY ON PORTUGAL

   ■ Alves, Afonso Manuel, Antônio Sacchetti, and Moura Machado. Lisboa. Lisbon, 1991.

   ■ Antunes, José. Lisboa do nosso olhar; A look on Lisbon. Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1991. Beaton, Cecil. Near East. London: Batsford, 1943.

   ■. Lisboa 1942: Cecil Beaton, Lisbon 1942. Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1995.

   ■ Bottineau, Yves. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1957.

   ■ Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. 7 Olhares ( Seven Viewpoints). Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1998.

   ■ Capital, A. Lisboa: Imagens d'A Capital. Lisbon: Edit. Notícias, 1984.

   ■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Photographias de Lisboa, 1900 ( Photographs of Lisbon, 1900). Lisbon: Quimera, 1991.

   ■. Os melhores postais antigos de Lisboa ( The best old postcards of Lisbon). Lisbon: Químera, 1995.

   ■ Finlayson, Graham, and Frank Tuohy. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.

   ■ Glassner, Helga. Portugal. Berlin-Zurich: Atlantis-Verlag, 1942. Hopkinson, Amanda, ed. Reflections by Ten Portuguese photographers. Bark-way, U.K.: Frontline/Portugal 600, 1996.

   ■ Lima, Luís Leiria, and Isabel Salema. Lisboa de Pedra e Bronze. Lisbon, 1990.

   ■ Martins, Miguel Gomes. Lisboa ribeirinha ( Riverside Lisbon). Lisbon: Arquivo Municipal, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Livros Horizonte, 1994. Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa ( This Lisbon). Lisbon: Caminho, 1994. Wohl, Hellmut, and Alice Wohl. Portugal. London: Frederick Muller, 1983.

   ■ EQUESTRIANISM

   ■ Andrade, Manoel Carlos de, Luz da Liberal e Nobre Arte da Cavallaria. Lisbon, 1790.

   ■ Graciosa, Filipe. Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre. Lisbon, 2004.

   ■ Horsetalk Magazine. Published in New Zealand.

   ■ Oliveira, Nuno. Reflections on the Equestrian Art. London, 2000.

   ■ Russell, Eleanor, ed. The Truth in the Teaching of Nuno Oliveira. Stanhope,

   ■ Queensland, Australia, 2003. Vilaca, Luis V., and Pedro Yglesias d'Oliveira, eds. LUSITANO. Coudelarias De Portugal. O Cavalo ancestral do Sudoeste da Europa. Lisbon: ICONOM, 2005.

   ■ Websites of interest: www.equestrian.pt portugalweb.com

Historical dictionary of Portugal > CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
3 entre

prep.

1 between.

entre las diez y las once between ten and eleven o'clock

entre paréntesis in brackets

entre nosotros between you and me, between ourselves (en confianza)

discutían entre sí they were arguing with each other

era un color entre verde y azul the color was somewhere between green and blue

dudo entre ir o quedarme I don't know o can't decide whether to go or to stay

2 among, amongst.

estaba entre los asistentes she was among those present

estuvo entre los mejores he was one of o amongst the best

entre otras cosas among other things

3 divided by.

intj.

come in.

pres.subj.

3^rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: entrar.

* * *

entre

► preposición

1 (dos términos) between

■ entre las cuatro y las cinco between four and five

■ entre tú y yo between the two of us

2 (varios) among, amongst

■ entre los periódicos among the newspapers

3 (sumando) counting

■ entre niños y adultos somos doce there are twelve of us counting children and adults

■ entre todos éramos veinte there were twenty of us all together

4 (en) in

■ entre la lluvia in the rain

5 (entremedio) somewhere between

■ entre azul y verde somewhere between blue and green

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

de entre from among, out of

■ la mejor de entre todas the best out of all of them

entre... y... what with... and...

■ entre el frío y la lluvia... what with the cold and the rain...

entre tanto meanwhile, in the meantime

por entre (entre) among, amongst 2 (a través) through

■ pasó por entre la multitud he made his way through the crowd

* * *

prep.

1) between

2) among

* * *

PREP

1) (=en medio de)

a) [dos elementos] between

entre las montañas y el mar — between the mountains and the sea

vendrá entre las diez y las once — he'll be coming between ten and eleven

nos veíamos entre clase y clase — we saw each other between lessons

entre azul y verde — somewhere between blue and green

un líquido entre dulce y amargo — a liquid which is half-sweet, half-sour

dudo entre comprar este o aquel — I'm not sure whether to buy this one or that one

lo cogió entre sus manos — she took it in her hands

- estar entre la vida y la muerte
paréntesis, semana
b) [más de dos elementos] among, amongst

había un baúl entre las maletas — there was a trunk in among(st) the cases

¿has buscado entre las fotografías? — have you looked among(st) the photographs?

una costumbre muy extendida entre los romanos — a widespread custom among(st) the Romans

puedes hablar, estamos entre amigos — you can speak freely, we're among(st) friends

paso el día entre estas cuatro paredes — I spend the whole day within these four walls

se abrieron paso entre la multitud — they forced their way through the crowd

lo vi entre el público — I saw him in the audience

entre los que conozco es el mejor — it's the best of those that I know

empezó a trabajar como mensajero, entre otras cosas — he started work as a courier, among(st) other things

2) [indicando colaboración, participación]

lo terminamos entre los dos — between the two of us we finished it

le compraremos un regalo entre todos — we'll buy her a present between all of us, we'll all club together to buy her a present

¿entre cuántos habéis hecho el trabajo? — how many of you did it take to do the work?

esto lo solucionaremos entre nosotros — we'll sort that out among(st) o between ourselves

la cuento entre mis mejores amigas — I count her as one of my best friends

entre sí: las mujeres hablaban entre sí — the women were talking among(st) themselves

los tres hermanos están muy unidos entre sí — the three brothers are very close to each other

3) [uso aditivo]

entre viaje y alojamiento nos gastamos 80 euros — we spent 80 euros between the travel and the accommodation, the travel and the accommodation came to 80 euros between them

entre niños y niñas habrá unos veinte en total — there are about twenty in total, if you count boys and girls

entre que era tarde y hacía frío, decidimos no salir — what with it being late and cold, we decided not to go out

entre unas cosas y otras no conseguía dormir — what with one thing and another I couldn't sleep

entre unas cosas y otras se nos hizo de noche — before we knew it, it was night

4) (Mat)

20 entre 4 — 20 divided by 4

20 entre 4 es igual a 5 — 4 into 20 goes 5 (times)

5) esp LAm
*
entre más estudia más aprende — the more he studies the more he learns

6)

entre tanto — ver entretanto

* * *
I
preposición

1)

a) ( indicando posición en medio de) between

se sienta entre Carlos y yo — he sits between Carlos and me

entre estas cuatro paredes — within these four walls

entre paréntesis — in brackets

se me escapó por entre los dedos — it slipped through my fingers

abierto entre semana — open during the week

comer entre horas — to eat between meals

b) ( en relaciones de comunicación o cooperación) between

que quede entre tú y yo — this is just between you and me

entre los tres logramos levantarlo — between the three of us we managed to lift it

¿por qué no le hacemos un regalo entre todos? — why don't we all get together to buy him a present?

c) ( con verbos recíprocos) among

cuando hablan entre ellos — ( dos personas) when they talk to each other; ( más de dos personas) when they talk among themselves

entre ellos se entienden — they understand each other o one another

2)

a) (en el número, la colectividad de) among

entre los trabajadores — among the workers

hay un traidor entre nosotros — there's a traitor among us

entre otras cosas — among other things

b) ( mezclado con) among

entre las monedas que me dio — among the coins he gave me

se perdió entre la muchedumbre — he got lost in the crowd

c) ( sumando una cosa a otra) with

hay unas cien personas entre alumnos y profesores — with o including pupils and teachers there are about a hundred people

entre una cosa y otra... — (fam) what with one thing and another... (colloq)

d) ( en distribuciones) among

repártelos entre los niños — share them out among the children

e) (Mat)

diez entre dos es (igual a) cinco — two into ten goes five (times)

3)

entre tanto — meanwhile, in the meantime
II
adverbio (esp AmL)

entre más... menos/más... — the more... the less/more...

* * *

= amidst, among, amongst, between, inter, across, amid, twixt, betwixt, in between.

Ex. The second edition of AACR was published in 1978, amidst some dispute as to whether it was either necessary or desirable.

Ex. He is probably unique among Associations of Research Libraries directors in that he played a significant role in the creation of ALA's Social Responsibilities Round Table.

Ex. Amongst these are numbered: some specific legal and governmental works, such as laws, decrees, treaties; works that record the collective thought of a body, for example, reports of commissions and committees; and various cartographic materials.

Ex. Citations to 33 Ph.D.theses produced at the University between 1974 and 1978 were analysed.

Ex. On magnetic tape, for instance, there will be a need for an inter record gap so that the tape drive has some space, some leeway, when starting or stopping the fast moving tape.

Ex. Other important elements of libraries, such as the quality of the staff and the nature of the reference collections themselves, vary across libraries.

Ex. The director continued speaking amid the embers of their mirth.

Ex. The article ' Twixt dilemma and desk-top deluxe' reports on the developments from the major computer printer manufacturers.

Ex. Hume says we must distinguish ' betwixt personal identity as it regards our thought or imagination and as it regards our passions or the concern we take in ourselves'.

Ex. The reason for this is that the qualifier, Public Libraries, is randomly distributed depending on whether other facets are cited in between.

----

* a caballo entre = midway between.

* a mitad de camino entre = midway between.

* compromiso entre novios = engagement.

* conector entre facetas = intra-facet connector.

* de entre los nuestros = in our ranks.

* de la zona de entre mareas = intertidal.

* distinguir entre... y... = draw + the line between... and....

* entre bastidores = behind the scenes, backstage, offstage.

* entre corchetes = in brackets.

* entre culturas = intercultural.

* entre diferentes edades = cross-age [cross age].

* entre dos fuegos = crossfire, pig(gy) in the middle.

* entre el dicho y el hecho hay un gran trecho = many a slip between the cup and the lip.

* entre el dicho y el hecho hay un gran trecho = There's many a slip 'twixt cup and lip.

* entre el hombre y el sistema = human-system.

* entre ellos contamos con los siguientes = numbered amongst these are.

* entre éstos se incluyen = amongst these are numbered.

* entre fronteras = transborder.

* entre grupos sociales = intergroup.

* entre instituciones = interagency [inter-agency].

* entre la espada y la pared = between the rock and the hard place, between the devil and the deep blue sea, between a rock and a hard place.

* entre la máquina y el hombre = human-machine.

* entre la población en general = mainstream.

* entre la profesión = intra-professional.

* entre las dos y las cuatro = mid-afternoon.

* entre las páginas de = between the covers of.

* entre los miembros de la familia = intergenerational.

* entre los vivos = land of the living, the.

* entre manos = at hand, in hand.

* entre medias = in between.

* entre + Nombre Singular + y + Nombre Singular = between + Nombre Plural.

* entre nosotros = with us, between you and me, between ourselves.

* entre ordenadores = computer-to-computer.

* entre otras cosas = amongst other things, for one thing, inter alia, among other things.

* entre otros = amongst others, among others.

* entre países = transfrontier, transborder, transnational, cross-country, cross-national [cross national], cross-border.

* entre paréntesis = parenthetically, parenthetic, in brackets, in parenthesis.

* entre profesiones = cross-occupational.

* entre + Pronombre = in + Posesivo + midst.

* entre regiones = cross-regional, inter-regional [interregional].

* entre semana = on weekdays, midweek, weekday.

* entre sí = each other.

* entre tres partes = 3-party [three-party].

* entre tú y yo = between you and me, between ourselves.

* entre varias bibliotecas = cross-library, cross-library.

* entre varias instituciones = inter-institutionally [interinstitutionally].

* entre varias lenguas = cross-lingual.

* entre varios países = multi-country [multicountry].

* entre... y... = anywhere from/between... and...., somewhere between... and....

* espacio entre columnas = intercolumn spacing.

* estar a caballo entre = stand + midway between.

* estar entre = fall between.

* hablar entre dientes sin ser entendido = mumble.

* niños entre cinco y siete años = five-to-sevens.

* que quede entre nosotros = between you and me, between ourselves.

* reconciliación entre = healing of the breach between.

* resolución de la ambigüedad entre términos = term disambiguation.

* * *
I
preposición

1)

a) ( indicando posición en medio de) between

se sienta entre Carlos y yo — he sits between Carlos and me

entre estas cuatro paredes — within these four walls

entre paréntesis — in brackets

se me escapó por entre los dedos — it slipped through my fingers

abierto entre semana — open during the week

comer entre horas — to eat between meals

b) ( en relaciones de comunicación o cooperación) between

que quede entre tú y yo — this is just between you and me

entre los tres logramos levantarlo — between the three of us we managed to lift it

¿por qué no le hacemos un regalo entre todos? — why don't we all get together to buy him a present?

c) ( con verbos recíprocos) among

cuando hablan entre ellos — ( dos personas) when they talk to each other; ( más de dos personas) when they talk among themselves

entre ellos se entienden — they understand each other o one another

2)

a) (en el número, la colectividad de) among

entre los trabajadores — among the workers

hay un traidor entre nosotros — there's a traitor among us

entre otras cosas — among other things

b) ( mezclado con) among

entre las monedas que me dio — among the coins he gave me

se perdió entre la muchedumbre — he got lost in the crowd

c) ( sumando una cosa a otra) with

hay unas cien personas entre alumnos y profesores — with o including pupils and teachers there are about a hundred people

entre una cosa y otra... — (fam) what with one thing and another... (colloq)

d) ( en distribuciones) among

repártelos entre los niños — share them out among the children

e) (Mat)

diez entre dos es (igual a) cinco — two into ten goes five (times)

3)

entre tanto — meanwhile, in the meantime
II
adverbio (esp AmL)

entre más... menos/más... — the more... the less/more...

* * *

= amidst, among, amongst, between, inter, across, amid, twixt, betwixt, in between.

Ex: The second edition of AACR was published in 1978, amidst some dispute as to whether it was either necessary or desirable.

Ex: He is probably unique among Associations of Research Libraries directors in that he played a significant role in the creation of ALA's Social Responsibilities Round Table.

Ex: Amongst these are numbered: some specific legal and governmental works, such as laws, decrees, treaties; works that record the collective thought of a body, for example, reports of commissions and committees; and various cartographic materials.

Ex: Citations to 33 Ph.D.theses produced at the University between 1974 and 1978 were analysed.

Ex: On magnetic tape, for instance, there will be a need for an inter record gap so that the tape drive has some space, some leeway, when starting or stopping the fast moving tape.

Ex: Other important elements of libraries, such as the quality of the staff and the nature of the reference collections themselves, vary across libraries.

Ex: The director continued speaking amid the embers of their mirth.

Ex: The article ' Twixt dilemma and desk-top deluxe' reports on the developments from the major computer printer manufacturers.

Ex: Hume says we must distinguish ' betwixt personal identity as it regards our thought or imagination and as it regards our passions or the concern we take in ourselves'.

Ex: The reason for this is that the qualifier, Public Libraries, is randomly distributed depending on whether other facets are cited in between.

* a caballo entre = midway between.

* a mitad de camino entre = midway between.

* compromiso entre novios = engagement.

* conector entre facetas = intra-facet connector.

* de entre los nuestros = in our ranks.

* de la zona de entre mareas = intertidal.

* distinguir entre... y... = draw + the line between... and....

* entre bastidores = behind the scenes, backstage, offstage.

* entre corchetes = in brackets.

* entre culturas = intercultural.

* entre diferentes edades = cross-age [cross age].

* entre dos fuegos = crossfire, pig(gy) in the middle.

* entre el dicho y el hecho hay un gran trecho = many a slip between the cup and the lip.

* entre el dicho y el hecho hay un gran trecho = There's many a slip 'twixt cup and lip.

* entre el hombre y el sistema = human-system.

* entre ellos contamos con los siguientes = numbered amongst these are.

* entre éstos se incluyen = amongst these are numbered.

* entre fronteras = transborder.

* entre grupos sociales = intergroup.

* entre instituciones = interagency [inter-agency].

* entre la espada y la pared = between the rock and the hard place, between the devil and the deep blue sea, between a rock and a hard place.

* entre la máquina y el hombre = human-machine.

* entre la población en general = mainstream.

* entre la profesión = intra-professional.

* entre las dos y las cuatro = mid-afternoon.

* entre las páginas de = between the covers of.

* entre los miembros de la familia = intergenerational.

* entre los vivos = land of the living, the.

* entre manos = at hand, in hand.

* entre medias = in between.

* entre + Nombre Singular + y + Nombre Singular = between + Nombre Plural.

* entre nosotros = with us, between you and me, between ourselves.

* entre ordenadores = computer-to-computer.

* entre otras cosas = amongst other things, for one thing, inter alia, among other things.

* entre otros = amongst others, among others.

* entre países = transfrontier, transborder, transnational, cross-country, cross-national [cross national], cross-border.

* entre paréntesis = parenthetically, parenthetic, in brackets, in parenthesis.

* entre profesiones = cross-occupational.

* entre + Pronombre = in + Posesivo + midst.

* entre regiones = cross-regional, inter-regional [interregional].

* entre semana = on weekdays, midweek, weekday.

* entre sí = each other.

* entre tres partes = 3-party [three-party].

* entre tú y yo = between you and me, between ourselves.

* entre varias bibliotecas = cross-library, cross-library.

* entre varias instituciones = inter-institutionally [interinstitutionally].

* entre varias lenguas = cross-lingual.

* entre varios países = multi-country [multicountry].

* entre... y... = anywhere from/between... and...., somewhere between... and....

* espacio entre columnas = intercolumn spacing.

* estar a caballo entre = stand + midway between.

* estar entre = fall between.

* hablar entre dientes sin ser entendido = mumble.

* niños entre cinco y siete años = five-to-sevens.

* que quede entre nosotros = between you and me, between ourselves.

* reconciliación entre = healing of the breach between.

* resolución de la ambigüedad entre términos = term disambiguation.

* * *

entre¹

prep

A

1 (indicando posición en medio de) between

se sienta entre Carlos y yo he sits between Carlos and me

entre estas cuatro paredes within these four walls

creó una barrera entre ellos it created a barrier between them

lo escribió entre paréntesis she wrote it in brackets

se me escapó por entre los dedos it slipped through my fingers

correteaban por entre los arbustos they ran in and out of the bushes

no pruebo bocado entre horas I don't eat a thing between meals

entre estas dos fechas between these two dates

está abierto entre semana it is open during the week

entre las cuatro y las cinco between four and five (o'clock)

con una expresión entre complacida y sorprendida with an expression somewhere between pleasure and surprise, with a half pleased, half surprised look

es de un color entre el azul y el violeta it's a bluey purple color o a purplish blue color

vacilaba entre decírselo y callar she was torn between telling him and keeping quiet

estoy entre el verde y el azul I can't decide between the green one and the blue one

2 (en relaciones de comunicación) between

entre nosotros or entre tú y yo, no tiene la más mínima idea between you and me o just between ourselves, he doesn't have a clue

las relaciones entre los cuatro hermanos relations between the four brothers

3 (en relaciones de cooperación) between

entre los dos/cuatro logramos levantarlo between the two of us/four of us we managed to lift it

¿por qué no le hacemos un regalo entre todos? why don't we all get together to buy him a present?

4 (con verbos recíprocos) among

entre ellos se entienden they understand each other o one another

cuando hablan entre ellos no entiendo nada when they talk among themselves, I can't understand a thing

tres depósitos unidos entre sí por una serie de tubos three tanks linked (to each other) by a series of pipes

B

1 (en el número, la colectividad de) among, amongst ( BrE)

entre los trabajadores among the workers

bendita tú eres entre todas las mujeres blessed art thou among women

está entre los mejores/más grandes del mundo it is among the best/largest in the world, it is one of the best/largest in the world

entre los temas debatidos, éste fue el más conflictivo of the topics discussed this proved to be the most controversial

hay un traidor entre nosotros there's a traitor among us o ( liter) in our midst

estamos entre amigos we're all friends here, you're among friends

es mentiroso, entre otras cosas he's a liar, among other things

2 (mezclado con) among

entre las monedas que me dio había algunas extranjeras there were some foreign coins among the ones he gave me

se perdió entre la muchedumbre he got lost in the crowd

lo encontré entre la arena I found it in the sand

3 (sumando una cosa a otra) with

hay unas cien personas entre alumnos, padres y profesores with o including pupils, parents and teachers there are about a hundred people

entre una cosa y otra nos llevó toda una mañana ( fam); what with one thing and another it took us a whole morning ( colloq)

4 (en distribuciones) among

repártelos entre los niños share them out among the children

5 [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] ( Mat):

tienes que dividirlo entre cinco you have to divide it by five

diez entre dos es (igual a) cinco two into ten goes five (times), ten divided by two is five

C

entre tanto meanwhile, in the meantime

entre tanto, vayan poniendo la mesa meanwhile o in the meantime, you can lay the table

entre tanto (que) lo hacen while they do it

entre²

adverb

( esp AmL): entre más/menos... the more/less...

entre más pide, menos le dan the more he asks for, the less they give him

entre menos estudies, menos aprenderás the less you study, the less you will learn

* * *

Del verbo entrar: ( conjugate entrar)

entré es:

1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

entre es:

1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

Multiple Entries:
algo entre
entrar
entre
entrar ( conjugate entrar) verbo intransitivo
1 ( acercándose) to come in;
( alejándose) to go in;
◊ déjame entre let me in;

hazla entre tell her to come in, show her in;
entró corriendo he ran in, he came running in;
¿se puede entre con el coche? can you drive in?;
había gente entrando y saliendo there were people coming and going;
¿cómo entró? how did he get in?;
entre en or (esp AmL) a algo ‹a edificio/habitación› to go into sth;
entró en el or al banco she went into the bank
2 (en etapa, estado) entre en algo ‹en periodo/guerra/negociaciones› to enter sth;
◊ entre en calor to get warm;

entró en coma he went into a coma
3
a) (introducirse, meterse):

◊ cierra la puerta, que entra frío close the door, you're letting the cold in;

me entró arena en los zapatos I've got sand in my shoes
b) ( poderse meter):

◊ ¿entrará por la puerta? will it get through the door?;

(+ me/te/le etc):
◊ estos vaqueros no me entran I can't get into these jeans;

el zapato no le entra he can't get his shoe on;
no me entra la segunda (Auto) I can't get it into second (gear)
4 [ hambre] (+ me/te/le etc):
◊ le entró hambre she felt o got hungry;

me ha entrado la duda I'm beginning to have my doubts;
me entró sueño I got o began to feel sleepy
5 ( empezar) to start, begin;
◊ entró de aprendiz he started o began as an apprentice

6 ( incorporarse) entre en or (esp AmL) a algo ‹en empresa/ejército/club› to join sth;
‹ en convento› to enter sth;
el año que entré en or a la universidad the year I started college I've just joined the association
7 ( estar incluido):
◊ el postre no entra en el precio dessert is not included in the price;

¿cuántas entran en un kilo? how many do you get in a kilo?
verbo transitivo ( traer) to bring in;
( llevar) to take in;
◊ ¿cómo van a entre el sofá? how are they going to get the sofa in?

entre preposición
1
a) (dos personas, cosas) between;

◊ lo decidieron entre ellos dos they decided it between the two of them;

está entre las dos casas it's between the two houses;
entre paréntesis in brackets;
cuando hablan entre los dos when they talk to each other
b) (más de dos personas, cosas) among;

◊ los alumnos hablaban entre ellos the pupils were talking among themselves;

entre otras cosas among other things;
se perdió entre la muchedumbre he disappeared into the crowd;
entre estas cuatro paredes within these walls
c) (indicando cooperación, distribución):

◊ entre los tres logramos levantarlo we managed to lift it between the three of us;

le hicimos con regalo entre todos we all got together and brought him a present;
repártelos entre los niños/entre todos share them out among the children/between everybody
2 ( en expresiones de tiempo):
◊ abierto entre semana open during the week;

llegaré entre las tres y las cuatro I'll be arriving between three and four;
cualquier semana entre julio y agosto any week in July or August
3
◊ entre tanto meanwhile, in the meantime

■ adverbio (esp AmL):
◊ entre más come más/menos engorda the more he eats the more/less he puts on weight

entrar
I verbo intransitivo
1 to come in, go in, enter: los ladrones entraron por la ventana, the burglars entered through the window ➣ Ver nota en ir
2 (encajar) to fit: esta llave no entra, this key doesn't fit
3 (estar incluido) to be included: eso no entra en el precio, that's not included in the price
4 (en una organización, partido) to join, get into: entró en el club, he was admitted to the club
5 (en una situación) to go into: el avión entró en barrena, the plane went into a spin
entrar en calor, to warm up
6 (comenzar) el mes que entra, next month, the coming month
7 (sobrevenir) to come over: le entraron ganas de llorar, he felt like crying
me entró un ataque de histeria, I went into hysterics
8 (agradar) no me entran las lentejas, I don't like lentils
II verbo transitivo
1 to bring in: entra las sillas, take the chairs in
2 Inform to enter
♦ Locuciones: entrar en la cabeza: no me entra en la cabeza que hayas hecho eso, I can't understand why you have done that
ni entrar ni salir, to play no part in the matter: en cuestiones sentimentales ni entro ni salgo, I steer well clear of touchy subjects
entre preposición
1 (señalando límites) between: ponlo entre tú y ella, put it between you and her
entre azul y verde, between blue and green
(con la colaboración de) lo haremos entre Pedro, Pablo y yo, Peter, Paul and myself will do it between us
2 (rodeado de) among(st)
estoy entre amigos, I'm among friends
(incluido en) está entre los primeros de la clase, he's among the best students of his class
En general, entre se traduce por between cuando se refiere a dos cosas y among o amongst (más antiguo) cuando se refiere a más de dos. Sin embargo, se puede emplear between, junto con un verbo de movimiento, cuando queremos indicar que un conjunto de cosas se dividió en dos grupos: El río fluye entre los árboles. The river flows between the trees.

' entre' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abismal
- abismo
- abordaje
- aclarar
- adherencia
- analogía
- apareamiento
- barrera
- bastante
- bastidor
- bien
- caballero
- caballo
- cada
- camaradería
- camino
- ceja
- cerrarse
- clara
- claro
- comillas
- compenetración
- competencia
- conexión
- confianza
- confundirse
- congruencia
- considerada
- considerado
- contarse
- corporativismo
- correlación
- cruce
- desnivel
- despertarse
- dicotomía
- diente
- disidencia
- distanciamiento
- dividir
- dividirse
- dudar
- economía
- entendimiento
- escaramuza
- escoger
- espada
- estragos
- estrechar
- estrechamiento
English:
ability
- alike
- already
- amid
- among
- amongst
- angular
- antagonism
- antipathy
- backstage
- barrel
- barrier
- behind
- between
- blue-collar
- bond
- bonding
- border
- bracket
- cement
- chip in
- choose
- chuckle
- circulate
- civilian
- clash
- close
- club
- connect
- connected
- dart
- derby
- devil
- differentiate
- discriminate
- distinction
- distinguish
- divide
- dole out
- enter
- entrails
- equal
- equality
- evenly
- exit poll
- export
- fall out
- fatalism
- feature
- fence

* * *

entre

♦ prep

1. [en medio de dos] between;

está entre mi casa y la suya it's between my house and hers, it's on the way from my house to hers;

entre las diez y las once between ten and eleven o'clock;

entre 1939 y 1945 between 1939 and 1945, from 1939 to 1945;

entre paréntesis in brackets, in parentheses;

no abre entre semana it doesn't open during the week;

no hay punto de comparación entre la ciudad y el campo there's no comparison between the city and the countryside;

la diferencia entre tú y yo es que… the difference between you and me is that…;

era un color entre verde y azul the colour was somewhere between green and blue;

su estado de ánimo estaba entre la alegría y la emoción his state of mind was somewhere between o was a mixture of joy and excitement;

se encuentra entre la vida y la muerte she is fighting for her life;

entre nosotros [en confianza] between you and me, between ourselves;

que quede esto entre tú y yo this is between you and me;

dudo entre ir o quedarme I don't know o can't decide whether to go or to stay;

entre una(s) cosa(s) y otra(s)… what with one thing and another…;

no tuve tiempo de llamarte entre unas cosas y otras between one thing and another I didn't have time to phone you

2. [en medio de muchos] among, amongst;

estaba entre los asistentes she was among those present;

entre los celtas se solía… the Celts used to…;

entre los médicos se considera que… most doctors believe that…;

lo hicieron entre tres amigos the three friends did it between them;

entre todos estoy seguro de que lo conseguiremos I'm sure we'll manage to do it between us;

es el favorito entre los expertos the experts have him as the favourite;

estuvo entre los mejores he was one of o amongst the best;

no temas, estás entre amigos don't be afraid, you're amongst friends;

desapareció entre la multitud she disappeared into the crowd;

apareció de entre el humo it emerged from the smoke;

entre hombres y mujeres somos más de cien there are over a hundred of us, men and women together;

me regaló, entre otras cosas, una botella de whisky she gave me several things, including a bottle of whisky;

tu principal defecto, entre otros, es que… your main defect, amongst others, is that…;

lo encontré entre mis papeles I found it amongst my papers;

entre sí amongst themselves;

discutían entre sí they were arguing with each other

3. [en divisiones]
divide veinte entre cuatro divide twenty by four;

ocho entre dos cuatro eight divided by two is four

♦ entre que loc conj
Fam [mientras]
entre que se levanta y se arregla, se le va media mañana it takes her half the morning just to get up and get ready

♦ entre tanto loc adv
[mientras tanto] meanwhile;
haz las camas, entre tanto, yo lavo los platos you make the beds, in the meantime, I'll do the washing up

♦ entre más loc adv
Andes, CAm, Méx [cuanto más] the more;
entre más duerme, más cansado se siente the more she sleeps, the more tired she feels

* * *

entre

prp

1 dos cosas, personas between;

entre las dos y las tres between two and three

2 más de dos among(st), between;

entre nosotros among o between us;

repartir algo entre tres split sth three ways

3 expresando cooperación between;

lo pagamos entre todos we paid for it among o between us;

lo hicieron entre tres they did it between the three of them;

la relación entre ellos the relationship between them;

te cuento entre mis amigos I regard you as a friend

4 MAT

:

ocho entre cuatro son dos eight divided by four is two, four into eight is two

* * *

entre prep

1) : between

2) : among

* * *

entre prep

1. (dos cosas) between

se sentó entre sus dos hermanos he sat between his two brothers

entre las dos y las cinco between two and five o'clock

2. (más de dos cosas) among

lo encontré entre mis libros I found it among my books

entre todos together

Spanish-English dictionary > entre
4 cent

c black cent [sɑ̃]

1. adjective

   a. ( = 100) a hundred

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► When cent is preceded by a plural number s is added, unless another number follows.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• ça coûtait cent euros et non deux cents it was one hundred euros, not two hundred

• quatre cent treize four hundred and thirteen

• sept cent un seven hundred and one

• en l'an treize cent in the year thirteen hundred

• cent chaises a hundred chairs

• deux cents chaises two hundred chairs

• courir un cent mètres to run a one-hundred-metre race

• (course de) quatre cents mètres haies 400 metres hurdles

• piquer un cent mètres (inf) (pour rattraper qn) to sprint ; (pour s'enfuir) to leg it (inf)

• faire les cent pas to pace up and down

• il vit à cent à l'heure (inf) he leads a very hectic life

   b. ( = beaucoup de) je te l'ai dit cent fois I've told you a hundred times

• il a cent fois raison he's absolutely right

• cent fois mieux a hundred times better

• c'est cent fois trop grand it's far too big

2. masculine noun

   a. ( = monnaie) cent

c black   b. ( = nombre) a hundred

• multiplier par cent to multiply by a hundred

• il y a cent contre un à parier que... it's a hundred to one that...

► pour cent per cent

• cinq pour cent five per cent

• je suis cent pour cent sûr I'm a hundred per cent certain

• à cent pour cent a hundred per cent

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

✦ The t is pronounced before a noun beginning with a vowel sound, eg cent ans.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

✎ Le mot anglais hundred est invariable, sauf quand il signifie centaines.

* * *

I
1. sɑ̃
adjectif gén a hundred, one hundred

deux cents — two hundred

deux cent trois/vingt-cinq — two hundred and three/twenty-five

cent à deux cents personnes — between a hundred and two hundred people

2.

pronom

ils sont venus tous les cent — all one hundred of them came

3.

nom masculin hundred

un cent d'œufs — a ou one hundred eggs

vendre au cent — to sell by the hundred

4.

pour cent locution adjective per cent

un placement à sept pour cent — an investment at seven per cent

dix à vingt pour cent or 10 à 20% des enseignants — between ten and twenty per cent of teachers

une jupe cent pour cent or 100% coton — a hundred per cent cotton skirt

je ne suis pas sûr à 100% — I'm not a hundred per cent sure

••

faire les cent pas — to pace up and down

être aux cent coups — (colloq) to be worried sick (colloq), to be in a state (colloq)

faire les quatre cents coups — to be a real tearaway

attendre cent sept ans — (colloq) to wait for ages

durer cent sept ans — (colloq) to last for ages ou forever

II sɛnt
nom masculin (centième de dollar, florin, rand, shilling) cent; Belg ( centième d'euro) cent

* * *
sɑ̃
1. num

a hundred, one hundred

pour cent — per cent

faire les cent pas — to pace up and down

2. nm

1) [euro] cent

2) (aux USA, Canada) cent

* * *

I.

cent ⇒ Les nombres, La date

A adj gén a hundred, one hundred; deux/trois cents two/three hundred; deux cents enfants two hundred children; deux cent trois/vingt-cinq two hundred and three/twenty-five; il y avait cent à deux cents personnes there were between a hundred and two hundred people; ⇒ fois, mètre, occasion, raison.

B pron ils sont venus tous les cent all one hundred of them came.

C nm

1 ( quantité) hundred; un cent d'œufs/d'huîtres Comm a ou one hundred eggs/oysters; vendre/acheter au cent to sell/to buy by the hundred; c'est 12 euros le cent they're 12 euros a hundred;

2 ⇒ L'argent et les monnaies ( centième d'euro) cent.

D pour cent loc adj per cent; un emprunt à sept pour cent or 7% a loan at seven per cent ou 7%; un placement à sept pour cent an investment at seven per cent ou 7%; dix à vingt pour cent or 10 à 20% des enseignants between ten and twenty per cent of teachers; une jupe cent pour cent or 100% coton a hundred per cent cotton skirt; une production cent pour cent française a hundred per cent ou 100% French production; je ne suis pas sûr/convaincu à 100% I'm not a hundred per cent sure/convinced.

Idiomes

faire les cent pas to pace up and down; être aux cent coups○ to be worried sick○, to be in a state○; faire les quatre cents coups to be a real tearaway; s'ennuyer à cent sous de l'heure○ to be bored stiff○ ou to death; attendre cent sept ans○ to wait for ages; durer cent sept ans○ to last for ages ou forever.

II.

cent ⇒ L'argent et les monnaies nm (centième de dollar, florin, rand, shilling) cent.

[sɑ̃] déterminant

1. a ou one hundred

cent mille a hundred thousand

deux cents filles two hundred girls

trois cent quatre rangs three hundred and four rows

les Cent-Jours HISTOIRE the Hundred Days

elle est aux cent coups [affolée] she's frantic

tu as cent fois raison you're a hundred per cent right

je préfère cent fois celle-ci I prefer this one a hundred times over

faire les cent pas to pace up and down

je ne vais pas attendre cent sept ans (familier) I'm not going to wait forever (and a day)

je m'embête (familier) ou m'emmerde (très familier) à cent sous de l'heure I'm bored stiff ou to death

2. [dans des séries]

page deux cent (six) page two hundred (and six)

l'an neuf cent the year nine hundred

3. SPORT

le cent mètres the hundred metres

le quatre cent mètres haies the four hundred metres hurdle ou hurdles

le cent mètres nage libre the hundred metres freestyle

————————

[sɑ̃] nom masculin

1. [chiffre]

j'habite au cent I live at number one hundred

2. [centaine] hundred

3. [centime, BANQUE] cent

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > cent
5 hora

f.

1 hour (sesenta minutos).

media hora half an hour

una hora y media an hour and a half

(pagar) por horas (to pay) by the hour

horas extraordinarias overtime

horas de luz daylight hours

horas de oficina/trabajo office/working hours

horas de vuelo flying time

horas de visita visiting times

2 time.

¿qué hora es? what time is it?

¿a qué hora sale? what time does it leave?

dar la hora to strike the hour

poner el reloj en hora to set one's watch o clock

hora oficial official time

hora de salida departure time

3 time (momento determinado).

es hora de irse it's time to go

a la hora on time

a su hora when the time comes, at the appropriate time

llegó su hora his time has come (muerte)

a primera hora first thing in the morning

a última hora at the end of the day; (al final del día) at the last moment (en elúltimo momento)

última hora (Prensa) stop press

de última hora latest, up-to-the-minute; (noticia) last-minute (preparativos)

hora de cenar dinner time

hora de cierre closing time

hora pico rush hour (AmEsp)

hora punta rush hour (AmEsp)

4 appointment (cita).

pedir/dar hora to ask for/give an appointment

tener hora en/con to have an appointment at/with

* * *

hora

► nombre femenino

1 (unidad de tiempo) hour

■ media hora half an hour

2 (tiempo) time

■ ¿qué hora es? what time is it?

■ es hora de marchar it's time to go

■ no es hora de... this is no time to...

3 (cita) appointment

■ tengo hora para las cuatro y media I have an appointment at half past four

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

a altas horas in the small hours

a buena hora (oportunamente) at the right time 2 (afortunadamente) fortunately

¡a buenas horas! and about time too!

a estas horas (ahora) by now 2 (indicando sorpresa) at this time (of the day)

■ a estas horas la tienda estará cerrada the shop will be closed by now

■ ¿qué haces aquí a estas horas? what are you doing here at this time?

a la hora at the proper time, on time

a la hora de la verdad at the moment of truth, when it comes to it

a primera hora first thing in the morning

a su hora at the proper time, in time

a última hora at the last moment

comer entre horas to eat between meals, snack

dar hora to give an appointment

dar la hora to strike the hour

de última hora last-minute

■ una noticia de última hora some last-minute news

en mala hora (inoportunamente) at the wrong time 2 (desafortunadamente) unfortunately

ir con la hora pegada al culo tabú to run around like a blue-arsed fly

pedir hora to make an appointment

poner en hora to set

por horas by the hour

■ cobro por horas I get paid by the hour

tener horas de vuelo figurado to be an old hand

¡ya era hora! and about time too!

hora oficial standard time

hora de acostarse bedtime

hora de cenar dinner time

hora de comer lunch time, dinner time

hora peninsular time in mainland Spain

hora punta rush hour

horas extras overtime

■ no quiere hacer horas extras he doesn't want to work overtime

horas muertas spare time

* * *

noun f.

1) hour

2) time

3) appointment

* * *

SF

1) (=periodo de tiempo) hour

el viaje dura una hora — the journey lasts an hour

durante dos horas — for two hours

dos horas de reloj — two hours exactly

esperamos horas — we waited for hours

ocho euros la hora — eight euros an hour

• echar horas — to put the hours in

• media hora — half an hour

la media hora del bocadillo — half-hour break at work, ≈ tea break

• por horas — by the hour

trabajar por horas — to work on an hourly basis o by the hour

sueldo por hora — hourly wage

asistenta por horas — daily (help)

hora puente — Arg, Uru hour off

horas de comercio — business hours

horas de consulta — opening hours ( of surgery)

horas de mayor audiencia — (TV) prime time sing

horas de oficina — business hours, office hours

horas de trabajo — working hours

horas de visita — visiting hours

horas de vuelo — (Aer) flying time sing; (fig) (=experiencia) experience sing; (fig) (=antigüedad) seniority sing

horas extra, horas extraordinarias — overtime sing

hacer horas (extra) — to work overtime

horas libres — free time sing, spare time sing

horas muertas — dead period sing

se pasa las horas muertas viendo la tele — he spends hour after hour watching telly

2) (=momento)

a) [concreto] time

¿qué hora es? — what time is it?, what's the time?

¿tienes hora? — have you got the time?

¿a qué hora? — (at) what time?

¿a qué hora llega? — what time is he arriving?

¡la hora!, ¡es la hora! — time's up!

• llegar a la hora — to arrive on time

a la hora en punto — on the dot

a la hora justa — in the nick of time

a la hora de pagar... — when it comes to paying...

• a altas horas (de la madrugada) — in the small hours

• a una hora avanzada — at a late hour

• dar la hora — [reloj] to strike (the hour)

• poner el reloj en hora — to set one's watch

• no comer entre horas — not to eat between meals

• a estas horas, a estas horas ya deben de estar en París — they must be in Paris by now

ayer a estas horas — at this time yesterday

b) [oportuno]

• buena hora, es buena hora para empezar — it's a good time to start

llegas a buena hora — you've arrived just in time

en buena hora — at just the right time

• es hora de hacer algo — it is time to do sth

es hora de irnos — it's time we went, it's time for us to go

estas no son horas de llegar a casa — this is no time to get home, what sort of a time is this to get home?

• le ha llegado la hora — her time has come

• mala hora, es mala hora — it's a bad time

en mala hora se lo dije — I shouldn't have told her

• en la hora de su muerte — at the moment of his death

• a primera hora — first thing in the morning

• a última hora — at the last moment, at the last minute

dejar las cosas hasta última hora — to leave things until the last moment o minute

cambios de última hora — last-minute changes

noticias de última hora — last-minute news

última hora — [noticias] stop press

• la hora de la verdad — the moment of truth

• ¡ya era hora! — and about time too!

ya es o va siendo hora de que te vayas — it is high time (that) you went, it is about time (that) you went

- ¡a buena hora!

¡a buenas horas llegas! — this is a fine time for you to arrive!

a buena hora(s) te vuelvo a prestar nada — that's the last time I lend you anything

- no ver la hora de algo

hora bruja — witching hour

hora cero — zero hour

desde las cero horas — from midnight

hora de apertura — opening time

hora de cenar — dinnertime

hora de comer — [gen] mealtime; [a mediodía] lunchtime

hora de entrada, la hora de entrada a la oficina — the time when we start work at the office

hora de las brujas — witching hour

hora de recreo — playtime, recess (EEUU)

hora de salida — [de tren, avión, bus] time of departure; [de carrera] starting time; [de escuela, trabajo] finishing time

hora estimada de llegada — estimated time of arrival

hora insular canaria — local time in the Canary Islands

hora judicial — time when the courts start hearing cases

hora local — local time

hora media de Greenwich — Greenwich mean time

hora oficial — official time, standard time

hora peninsular — local time in mainland Spain

hora pico — Méx rush hour

hora punta — [del tráfico] rush hour

horas punta — [de electricidad, teléfono] peak hours

hora suprema — one's last hour, hour of death

horas valle — off-peak times

hora universal — universal time

3) (Educ) period

después de inglés tenemos una hora libre — after English we have a free period

horas de clase — (=horas lectivas) teaching hours; (=horas de colegio) school hours

van a reducir las horas de clase — teaching hours are going to be cut

doy ocho horas de clase — [profesor] I teach for eight hours

en horas de clase — during school hours

4) (=cita) appointment

dar hora a algn — to give sb an appointment

pedir hora — to ask for an appointment

tener hora — to have an appointment

tengo hora para el dentista — I've got an appointment at the dentist's

5) (Rel)

libro de horas — book of hours

horas canónicas — canonical hours

* * *

femenino

1) ( período de tiempo) hour

(una) hora y media — an hour and a half

media hora — half an hour, a half hour (AmE)

las horas de mayor afluencia — the busiest time

semana laboral de 40 horas — 40-hour working week

100 kilómetros por hora — 100 kilometers per/an hour

cobrar por horas — to be paid by the hour

8.000 pesetas la hora or por hora — 8,000 pesetas an hour

horas de atención al público de ocho a una — open to the public from eight to one

se pasa horas enteras leyendo — she reads for hours on end

trabajar fuera de horas — to work outside normal working hours

pasarse las horas muertas — to while away one's time

- hora libre

- hora pico or punta

- hora puente or sandwich

- horas de oficina/de trabajo/de visita

- horas de vuelo

- horas extra or extraordinarias

- horas libres

2)

a) ( momento puntual) time

¿tiene hora, por favor? — have you got the time, please?

¿me da la hora? — can you tell me the time?

¿qué hora es? — what's the time?, what time is it?

pon el reloj en hora — put the clock right

todavía no es la hora — it's not time yet

nunca llegan a la hora — they never arrive on time

el avión llegó antes de (su) hora — the plane arrived ahead of schedule o arrived early

la decisión se conocerá a las 20 horas — (period) they will give their verdict at 8pm

el ataque se inició a las 20 horas — (frml) the attack commenced at 20.00 hours (léase: twenty hundred hours) (frml)

desde las cero horas — (period) from midnight

no dar ni la hora — (fam)

ésa no da ni la hora! — I'll/you'll/he'll get nothing out of her, she's as mean as they come (colloq)

desde que es jefa, no nos da ni la hora — now that she's been made boss, she won't even give us the time of day

b) ( momento sin especificar) time

es hora de irse a la cama — it's bedtime o time for bed

a la hora de almorzar — at lunchtime

ya es hora de irnos — it's time for us to go, it's time we were going

hay trenes a toda hora — there is a frequent train service

ya era hora de que llamases! — it's about time you called

a altas horas de la madrugada — in the early o small hours of the morning

a primera hora de la mañana — first thing in the morning

a última hora — at the last moment

una noticia de última hora — a late o last-minute news item

a buena hora or a buenas horas: ¿y me lo dices ahora? a buenas horas! now you tell me!, it's a bit late to tell me now!; a buenas horas llegas this is a fine time to arrive!; a la hora de: a la hora traducirlo when it comes to translating it; a la hora de la verdad when it comes down to it; en buena hora: en buena hora compramos esta casa we bought this house at just the right time; en mala hora: en mala hora se nos ocurrió invitarla it was a really bad move inviting her; entre horas between meals; hacer hora (Chi) to kill time; llegarle a alguien su (última) hora: le llegó su (última) hora his time had come; no ver la hora de: no veo la hora de que lleguen — I'm really looking forward to them coming, I can't wait for them to come

- hora cero o H

- hora de cierre

- hora inglesa

- hora local/oficial

3) ( cita) appointment

me han dado hora para mañana — they've given me an appointment for tomorrow

pedir hora — to make an appointment

* * *

= hour.

Ex. Most host are not available twenty-four hours a day, seven days of the week.

----

* 24 horas al día = around the clock.

* a altas horas de la noche = late at night.

* acercarse la hora de = come up for.

* a cualquier hora = anytime, around the clock.

* a cualquier hora del día o de la noche = at any hour of the day or night, at any time of the day or night.

* aguja de las horas = hour hand.

* a la hora de + Infinitivo = when it came to + Gerundio, when it comes to + Gerundio.

* a la hora de la verdad = when push comes to shove, if it comes to the crunch, when it comes to the crunch, when the worst comes to the worst, if the worst comes to the worst, when the crunch comes to the crunch, if the crunch comes to the crunch.

* a la hora del café = at coffee.

* a primera hora de la mañana = first thing in the morning.

* a primera hora de + Período del Día = first thing + Período del Día.

* a primeras horas de la tarde = late afternoon.

* a todas horas = at all hours, around the clock.

* a última hora = at the last minute, at the eleventh hour, last minute [last-minute], at the very last minute, at the very last moment, at the very last.

* a últimas horas de la tarde = late evening.

* cada hora = hourly.

* cambio de hora estacional = daylight saving time.

* compras de última hora = last-minute shopping.

* cuando llegó la hora de + Infinitivo = when it came to + Gerundio.

* cuando llegue la hora = when the time comes.

* decisión de última hora = last-minute decision.

* dejarlo para última hora = leave + it until the last minute.

* depósito de préstamos después de las horas de apertura = after-hours book drop.

* de última hora = last minute [last-minute], up-to-the-minute, late breaking [late-breaking], hot off the griddle.

* durante las horas de más calor = during the heat of the day.

* durante las horas puntas = at peak periods.

* durante muchas horas = for many long hours.

* echar muchas horas al día = work + long hours.

* en las horas clave = at busy times.

* en las horas punta = at busy times.

* fondo de préstamo por horas = short-loan collection.

* hacer horas extraordinarias = work + overtime.

* hacer horas extras = work + overtime.

* hasta última hora = until the last minute.

* hora de acostarse = bedtime.

* hora de apertura = opening time.

* hora de cierre = closing hour, closing time.

* hora de clase = class period.

* hora de comer = mealtime [meal time].

* hora de comienzo = starting time, start time.

* hora de conexión = connect hour.

* hora de encerrarse = curfew.

* hora de entrada = check-in time.

* hora de Greenwich = GMT (Greenwich Mean Time).

* hora de inicio = trigger time, start time.

* hora de la cerveza, la = beer time.

* hora de la comida = mealtime [meal time].

* hora del almuerzo = lunchtime, lunch hour.

* hora de la verdad = moment of truth.

* hora de la verdad, la = showdown.

* hora del cuento = story hour [storyhour], storytelling [story-telling], storytime [story time].

* hora de llegada = arrival time.

* hora del té = teatime.

* hora de mayor demanda = peak time.

* hora de reloj = clock hour.

* hora de salida = departure time, check-out time.

* hora de trabajo = man-hour.

* hora de vencimiento = time due.

* hora de volver a casa = curfew.

* hora feliz = happy hour.

* hora fija = set time.

* hora hombre = man-hour.

* hora intempestiva = unearthly time, unearthly hour.

* hora punta = peak period, rush hour, peak hour.

* horas activas = waking day, waking hours.

* horas al volante = driver's hours.

* horas de apertura = business hours.

* horas de clase = class time, school hours.

* horas de consulta = surgery.

* horas de funcionamiento = operating hours.

* horas de menos aglomeración = off-peak times.

* horas de oficina = office hours, business hours.

* horas de poca actividad = slack hours.

* horas de poco movimiento = slack hours.

* horas después de la escuela = after-school hours, after-school time.

* horas en las que Uno está despierto = waking time.

* hora señalada = set time.

* horas extraordinarias = overtime.

* horas extras = overtime.

* horas fuera de lo normal = unsocial hours.

* horas intespestivas = unsocial hours.

* horas libres = released time.

* horas no punta = off-peak times.

* horas posteriores al mediodía = afternoon times.

* Hora + y media = half past + Hora.

* información de última hora = news flash.

* las 24 horas = round the clock, around the clock.

* las veinticuatro horas = day and night, day or night, night and day.

* liberar horas = time off.

* llegada la hora de la verdad = if it comes to the crunch, when the crunch comes to the crunch, if the crunch comes to the crunch.

* llegar la hora de = time + come.

* manecilla de las horas = hour hand.

* media hora = half-hour.

* mph [millas por hora] = mph [miles per hour].

* muchas horas = long hours.

* no se ganó Zamora en una hora = Rome wasn't built in a day.

* noticia de última hora = hot off the press(es).

* noticias de última hora = breaking news.

* pagar por horas extra = pay + overtime.

* por fin llegó la hora (de) = it's about time (that).

* por hora = hourly.

* por horas = on an hourly basis.

* precipitación de última hora = last-minute rush.

* préstamo por horas = hourly loan.

* primeras horas de la madrugada = late night.

* prisa de última hora = last-minute rush.

* reservar hora = book + time.

* ser hora de = it + be + time to/for.

* ser hora de definirse = time to climb off the fence.

* ser hora de irse = be time to go.

* ser hora de marcharse = be time to go.

* ser hora ya de que = be about time (that), be high time (that/to/for).

* servicio las 24 horas = 24 hour(s) service.

* ser ya hora de que = it + be + well past the time for, be high time (that/to/for).

* trabajador por horas = time hand [time-hand].

* trabajar a horas fuera de lo normal = work + unsocial hours.

* trabajar a horas intespestivas = work + unsocial hours.

* trabajar horas extraordinarias = work + overtime.

* trabajar horas extras = work + overtime.

* trabajar las veinticuatro horas del día = work (a)round + the clock.

* trabajar muchas horas al día = work + long hours.

* un + Nombre + a altas horas de la noche = a late night + Nombre.

* un + Nombre + a primera hora de la mañana = an early morning + Nombre.

* un + Nombre + a última hora de la mañana = a late morning + Nombre.

* un servicio las 24 horas = a 24-hour service.

* veinticuatro horas al día, siete días a la semana, 365 días al año = 24/7, 24/7/365.

* ya era hora = not a moment too soon, not a minute too soon.

* ya es hora (de que) = it's about time (that).

* ya ir siendo hora de que = be high time (that/to/for), be about time (that).

* ya ser hora de que = be high time (that/to/for).

* * *

femenino

1) ( período de tiempo) hour

(una) hora y media — an hour and a half

media hora — half an hour, a half hour (AmE)

las horas de mayor afluencia — the busiest time

semana laboral de 40 horas — 40-hour working week

100 kilómetros por hora — 100 kilometers per/an hour

cobrar por horas — to be paid by the hour

8.000 pesetas la hora or por hora — 8,000 pesetas an hour

horas de atención al público de ocho a una — open to the public from eight to one

se pasa horas enteras leyendo — she reads for hours on end

trabajar fuera de horas — to work outside normal working hours

pasarse las horas muertas — to while away one's time

- hora libre

- hora pico or punta

- hora puente or sandwich

- horas de oficina/de trabajo/de visita

- horas de vuelo

- horas extra or extraordinarias

- horas libres

2)

a) ( momento puntual) time

¿tiene hora, por favor? — have you got the time, please?

¿me da la hora? — can you tell me the time?

¿qué hora es? — what's the time?, what time is it?

pon el reloj en hora — put the clock right

todavía no es la hora — it's not time yet

nunca llegan a la hora — they never arrive on time

el avión llegó antes de (su) hora — the plane arrived ahead of schedule o arrived early

la decisión se conocerá a las 20 horas — (period) they will give their verdict at 8pm

el ataque se inició a las 20 horas — (frml) the attack commenced at 20.00 hours (léase: twenty hundred hours) (frml)

desde las cero horas — (period) from midnight

no dar ni la hora — (fam)

ésa no da ni la hora! — I'll/you'll/he'll get nothing out of her, she's as mean as they come (colloq)

desde que es jefa, no nos da ni la hora — now that she's been made boss, she won't even give us the time of day

b) ( momento sin especificar) time

es hora de irse a la cama — it's bedtime o time for bed

a la hora de almorzar — at lunchtime

ya es hora de irnos — it's time for us to go, it's time we were going

hay trenes a toda hora — there is a frequent train service

ya era hora de que llamases! — it's about time you called

a altas horas de la madrugada — in the early o small hours of the morning

a primera hora de la mañana — first thing in the morning

a última hora — at the last moment

una noticia de última hora — a late o last-minute news item

a buena hora or a buenas horas: ¿y me lo dices ahora? a buenas horas! now you tell me!, it's a bit late to tell me now!; a buenas horas llegas this is a fine time to arrive!; a la hora de: a la hora traducirlo when it comes to translating it; a la hora de la verdad when it comes down to it; en buena hora: en buena hora compramos esta casa we bought this house at just the right time; en mala hora: en mala hora se nos ocurrió invitarla it was a really bad move inviting her; entre horas between meals; hacer hora (Chi) to kill time; llegarle a alguien su (última) hora: le llegó su (última) hora his time had come; no ver la hora de: no veo la hora de que lleguen — I'm really looking forward to them coming, I can't wait for them to come

- hora cero o H

- hora de cierre

- hora inglesa

- hora local/oficial

3) ( cita) appointment

me han dado hora para mañana — they've given me an appointment for tomorrow

pedir hora — to make an appointment

* * *

= hour.

Ex: Most host are not available twenty-four hours a day, seven days of the week.

* 24 horas al día = around the clock.

* a altas horas de la noche = late at night.

* acercarse la hora de = come up for.

* a cualquier hora = anytime, around the clock.

* a cualquier hora del día o de la noche = at any hour of the day or night, at any time of the day or night.

* aguja de las horas = hour hand.

* a la hora de + Infinitivo = when it came to + Gerundio, when it comes to + Gerundio.

* a la hora de la verdad = when push comes to shove, if it comes to the crunch, when it comes to the crunch, when the worst comes to the worst, if the worst comes to the worst, when the crunch comes to the crunch, if the crunch comes to the crunch.

* a la hora del café = at coffee.

* a primera hora de la mañana = first thing in the morning.

* a primera hora de + Período del Día = first thing + Período del Día.

* a primeras horas de la tarde = late afternoon.

* a todas horas = at all hours, around the clock.

* a última hora = at the last minute, at the eleventh hour, last minute [last-minute], at the very last minute, at the very last moment, at the very last.

* a últimas horas de la tarde = late evening.

* cada hora = hourly.

* cambio de hora estacional = daylight saving time.

* compras de última hora = last-minute shopping.

* cuando llegó la hora de + Infinitivo = when it came to + Gerundio.

* cuando llegue la hora = when the time comes.

* decisión de última hora = last-minute decision.

* dejarlo para última hora = leave + it until the last minute.

* depósito de préstamos después de las horas de apertura = after-hours book drop.

* de última hora = last minute [last-minute], up-to-the-minute, late breaking [late-breaking], hot off the griddle.

* durante las horas de más calor = during the heat of the day.

* durante las horas puntas = at peak periods.

* durante muchas horas = for many long hours.

* echar muchas horas al día = work + long hours.

* en las horas clave = at busy times.

* en las horas punta = at busy times.

* fondo de préstamo por horas = short-loan collection.

* hacer horas extraordinarias = work + overtime.

* hacer horas extras = work + overtime.

* hasta última hora = until the last minute.

* hora de acostarse = bedtime.

* hora de apertura = opening time.

* hora de cierre = closing hour, closing time.

* hora de clase = class period.

* hora de comer = mealtime [meal time].

* hora de comienzo = starting time, start time.

* hora de conexión = connect hour.

* hora de encerrarse = curfew.

* hora de entrada = check-in time.

* hora de Greenwich = GMT (Greenwich Mean Time).

* hora de inicio = trigger time, start time.

* hora de la cerveza, la = beer time.

* hora de la comida = mealtime [meal time].

* hora del almuerzo = lunchtime, lunch hour.

* hora de la verdad = moment of truth.

* hora de la verdad, la = showdown.

* hora del cuento = story hour [storyhour], storytelling [story-telling], storytime [story time].

* hora de llegada = arrival time.

* hora del té = teatime.

* hora de mayor demanda = peak time.

* hora de reloj = clock hour.

* hora de salida = departure time, check-out time.

* hora de trabajo = man-hour.

* hora de vencimiento = time due.

* hora de volver a casa = curfew.

* hora feliz = happy hour.

* hora fija = set time.

* hora hombre = man-hour.

* hora intempestiva = unearthly time, unearthly hour.

* hora punta = peak period, rush hour, peak hour.

* horas activas = waking day, waking hours.

* horas al volante = driver's hours.

* horas de apertura = business hours.

* horas de clase = class time, school hours.

* horas de consulta = surgery.

* horas de funcionamiento = operating hours.

* horas de menos aglomeración = off-peak times.

* horas de oficina = office hours, business hours.

* horas de poca actividad = slack hours.

* horas de poco movimiento = slack hours.

* horas después de la escuela = after-school hours, after-school time.

* horas en las que Uno está despierto = waking time.

* hora señalada = set time.

* horas extraordinarias = overtime.

* horas extras = overtime.

* horas fuera de lo normal = unsocial hours.

* horas intespestivas = unsocial hours.

* horas libres = released time.

* horas no punta = off-peak times.

* horas posteriores al mediodía = afternoon times.

* Hora + y media = half past + Hora.

* información de última hora = news flash.

* las 24 horas = round the clock, around the clock.

* las veinticuatro horas = day and night, day or night, night and day.

* liberar horas = time off.

* llegada la hora de la verdad = if it comes to the crunch, when the crunch comes to the crunch, if the crunch comes to the crunch.

* llegar la hora de = time + come.

* manecilla de las horas = hour hand.

* media hora = half-hour.

* mph [millas por hora] = mph [miles per hour].

* muchas horas = long hours.

* no se ganó Zamora en una hora = Rome wasn't built in a day.

* noticia de última hora = hot off the press(es).

* noticias de última hora = breaking news.

* pagar por horas extra = pay + overtime.

* por fin llegó la hora (de) = it's about time (that).

* por hora = hourly.

* por horas = on an hourly basis.

* precipitación de última hora = last-minute rush.

* préstamo por horas = hourly loan.

* primeras horas de la madrugada = late night.

* prisa de última hora = last-minute rush.

* reservar hora = book + time.

* ser hora de = it + be + time to/for.

* ser hora de definirse = time to climb off the fence.

* ser hora de irse = be time to go.

* ser hora de marcharse = be time to go.

* ser hora ya de que = be about time (that), be high time (that/to/for).

* servicio las 24 horas = 24 hour(s) service.

* ser ya hora de que = it + be + well past the time for, be high time (that/to/for).

* trabajador por horas = time hand [time-hand].

* trabajar a horas fuera de lo normal = work + unsocial hours.

* trabajar a horas intespestivas = work + unsocial hours.

* trabajar horas extraordinarias = work + overtime.

* trabajar horas extras = work + overtime.

* trabajar las veinticuatro horas del día = work (a)round + the clock.

* trabajar muchas horas al día = work + long hours.

* un + Nombre + a altas horas de la noche = a late night + Nombre.

* un + Nombre + a primera hora de la mañana = an early morning + Nombre.

* un + Nombre + a última hora de la mañana = a late morning + Nombre.

* un servicio las 24 horas = a 24-hour service.

* veinticuatro horas al día, siete días a la semana, 365 días al año = 24/7, 24/7/365.

* ya era hora = not a moment too soon, not a minute too soon.

* ya es hora (de que) = it's about time (that).

* ya ir siendo hora de que = be high time (that/to/for), be about time (that).

* ya ser hora de que = be high time (that/to/for).

* * *

hora

feminine

[ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ]

A (período de tiempo) hour

hace una hora escasa/larga que se fue he left just under/over an hour ago, he left barely an hour ago/a good hour ago

el examen dura (una) hora y media the exam is an hour and a half long

media hora half an hour

en un cuarto de hora in a quarter of an hour

nos pasamos horas y horas hablando we talked for hours and hours o for hours on end

llevo horas esperándote I've been waiting hours (for you)

las horas de mayor afluencia the busiest time

semana laboral de 40 horas 40-hour working week

circulaba a (una velocidad de) 100 kilómetros por hora it was traveling at 100 kilometers per hour o an hour

trabajar/cobrar por horas to work/be paid by the hour

cobra 50 euros la horaor por hora she charges 50 euros an hour

[ S ] horas de atención al público de ocho a una open to the public from eight to one

se pasa horas enteras leyendo she reads for hours on end

no le gusta trabajar fuera de horas he doesn't like working outside normal work ( o office etc) hours

pasarse las horas muertas to while away one's time

tener las horas contadas to be living on borrowed time

Compuestos:

● hora de salida

departure time

● hora feliz

happy hour

● hora libre

free period

● hora peak

( Chi) rush hour

● hora pico

( AmL) rush hour

● hora puente or sandwich

( RPl) free period

● hora punta

( Esp) rush hour

● hora tonta

weak moment

● hora valle

off-peak time

● horas de consulta

fpl doctor's office hours ( AmE), surgery hours ( BrE)

● horas de oficina

fpl office hours (pl)

● horas de trabajo

fpl working hours (pl)

● horas de visita

fpl visiting hours o times (pl)

● horas de vuelo

fpl flying time

● horas extra(s) or extraordinarias

fpl overtime

trabajé dos horas extra(s) or extraordinarias I worked o did two hours overtime

● horas libres

fpl free o spare time

B

1 (momento puntual) time

¿tiene hora, por favor? have you got the time, please?

¿me da la hora? can you tell me the time?

¿qué hora es? what's the time?, what time is it?

pon el reloj en hora put the clock right, set the clock (to the right time)

las ocho es una buena hora eight o'clock is a good time

¿a qué hora te viene bien salir? what time would it suit you to leave?

¿nos podemos ir? — todavía no es la hora can we go? — it's not time yet

las clases siempre empiezan a la hora en punto the classes always start exactly o ( colloq) bang on time

los trenes nunca llegan a la or a su horaor ( RPl) en hora the trains never arrive on time

el avión llegó antes de su hora the plane arrived ahead of schedule o earlier than scheduled o early

la decisión se conocerá a las 20 horas de hoy ( period); they will give their verdict at 8pm today

el ataque se inició a las 20 horas ( frml); the attack commenced at 20:00 hours (léase: twenty hundred hours) ( frml)

se ha convocado una huelga desde las cero horas ( period); a strike has been called from midnight

dar la hora ( Chi fam) (en el vestir, comportamiento) to look ( o be etc) out of place; (al hablar) to say things that are out of place, say things that have nothing to do with the conversation

no dar ni la hora ( fam): ¡ésa no da ni la hora! I'll/you'll/he'll get nothing out of her, she's as mean as they come ( colloq)

que se olvide de ese muchacho, si no le da ni la hora she should forget about him, he's not the least bit interested in her o he doesn't even look at her

desde que la nombraron jefa, no nos da ni la hora now that she's been made boss, she doesn't even give us the time of day

2 (momento sin especificar) time

ya es hora de irse a la cama it's bedtime o time for bed

llámame a la hora de almorzar call me at lunchtime

ya es hora de irnos it's time for us to go, it's time we were going

hay que estar pendiente de él a todas horas you have to keep an eye on him the whole time

el niño tiene que comer a su(s) hora(s) the baby has to have its meals at regular times

¡ya era hora de que llamases! it was about time you called

ya va siendo hora de que empieces a trabajar it's about time you got a job

es hora de que vayas pensando en tu futuro it's high time you started thinking about your future

a altas horas de la madrugada in the early o small hours of the morning

te llamaré a primera hora de la mañana I'll call you first thing in the morning

a última hora decidimos no ir at the last moment we decided not to go

una notica de última hora a late o last-minute news item

última hora: terremoto en Santiago stop press: earthquake in Santiago

a estas horas deben estar llegando a Roma they must be arriving in Rome about now

normalmente a estas horas ya hemos cenado we've usually finished dinner by this time

éstas no son horas de llamar this is no time to call people up

¿qué horas son éstas de llegar? what time do you call this, then?, what sort of time is this to come home?

¿qué haces levantado a estas horas? what are you doing up at this time?

no puedo tomar café a estas horas porque me desvela I can't drink coffee so late in the day because it keeps me awake

maldita sea la hora en que se le ocurrió volver I curse the day he decided to come back

a buena horaor a buenas horas: ¿llamó ayer y me lo dices ahora? ¡a buenas horas! she phoned yesterday? now you tell me! o it's a bit late to tell me now!

a buenas horas llegas this is a fine time to arrive!

a la hora de: no están de acuerdo con él, pero a la hora de hablar nadie dice nada they don't agree with him, but when it comes to it, nobody dares say anything

seguro que se encuentran con problemas a la hora de traducir esto you can be sure they'll have problems when it comes to translating this

a la hora de la verdad when it comes down to it

a la hora de la verdad nunca hacen nada when it comes down to it o when it comes to the crunch, they never do anything

en buena hora: en buena hora decidimos comprar esta casa we decided to buy this house at just the right time

en mala hora: en mala hora se nos ocurrió meternos en este lío it was a really bad move getting ourselves involved in this mess

entre horas between meals

no deberías comer entre horas you shouldn't eat between meals

se pasa el día picando entre horas she nibbles all day

hacer hora ( Chi); to kill time

llegarle a algn su (última) hora: sabía que le había llegado su (última) hora he knew his time had come

no ver or ( Chi) hallar la hora de: no veo la hora de que lleguen las vacaciones I'm really looking forward to the start of the vacation

no veía la hora de que se fuera she couldn't wait for him to go

no veo la hora de salir de aquí I can't wait to get out of here

Compuestos:

● hora astronómica

astronomical o solar time

● hora cero

zero hour

● hora de cierre

(de un periódico) news deadline; (de una emisión) closedown

● hora de llegada

time of arrival

● hora de Europa Central/Oriental

Central/Eastern European time

● hora H

zero hour

● hora inglesa

( fam):

quedamos a las siete, pero a las siete hora inglesa, ¿eh? so, seven o'clock it is, but seven on the dot o seven o'clock sharp, OK?

● hora local

local time

● hora oficial

standard time

● hora peninsular

local time in mainland Spain

● hora solar

astronomical o solar time

C (cita) appointment

el médico me ha dado hora para mañana the doctor's given me an appointment for tomorrow, I've got an appointment with the doctor tomorrow

¿hay que pedir hora para ver al especialista? do I have to make an appointment to see the specialist?

tengo hora con el dentista a las cuatro I have a dental appointment at four

* * *

Multiple Entries:
h.
hora
h. (
◊ hora) hr

hora sustantivo femenino
1 ( período de tiempo) hour;
◊ media hora half an hour, a half hour (AmE);

las horas de mayor afluencia the busiest time;
cobrar por horas to be paid by the hour;
45 euros por hora 45 euros an hour;
hora libre free period;
hora pico (AmL) or (Esp) punta rush hour;
horas extra(s) or extraordinaria(s) overtime
2
a) ( momento puntual) time;

◊ ¿tiene hora, por favor? have you got the time, please?;

¿qué hora es? what's the time?, what time is it?;
pon el reloj en hora put the clock right;
todavía no es la hora it's not time yet;
nunca llegan a la hora they never arrive on time;
el avión llegó antes de (su) hora the plane arrived early
b) ( momento sin especificar) time;

◊ es hora de irse a la cama it's bedtime o time for bed;

a la hora de almorzar at lunchtime;
ya es hora de irnos it's time for us to go;
¡ya era hora de que llamases! it's about time you called;
a primera hora de la mañana first thing in the morning;
a última hora at the last moment;
a la hora de: a la hora de traducirlo when it comes to translating it;
a la hora de la verdad when it comes down to it;
entre horas between meals;
hacer hora (Chi) to kill time
3 ( cita) appointment;
◊ pedir hora to make an appointment

hora sustantivo femenino
1 (60 minutos) hour: te veo dentro de media hora, I'll see you in half an hour
volvimos a altas horas de la madrugada, we came back in the small hours
me pagan por horas, they pay me by the hour
horas extras, overtime
2 (momento) time: ¿qué hora es?, what's the time?
es hora de irse a la cama, it's bedtime
3 (cita) appointment: pedir hora con el dentista, to ask for an appointment with the dentist
♦ Locuciones: familiar a buenas horas (mangas verdes), too late, a bit late: ¡a buenas horas me traes la caja de grapas!, isn't it a bit late to bring me the box of staples?
a la hora de la verdad, when it comes down to the nitty gritty
tener muchas horas de vuelo, to have been around: ¡ a ése no le engañas, tiene muchas horas de vuelo!, you won't fool him, he's been around!
' hora' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
A
- adelantar
- alargarse
- amanecer
- apenas
- atusarse
- bendita
- bendito
- cerca
- cola
- concretar
- condicionamiento
- cosa
- cuarta
- cuarto
- dar
- decisión
- dedicar
- esperar
- fijar
- indecente
- informal
- llegar
- marcar
- media
- medio
- metralla
- pasar
- por
- punta
- retrasar
- retrasarse
- sacar
- sala
- señorita
- tarde
- última
- último
- una
- uno
- usted
- ustedes
- ver
- Y
- ya
- a
- abrir
- acercar
- atraso
- bueno
English:
A
- about
- appoint
- appointment
- arrange
- at
- bang
- barbecue
- be
- bedtime
- before
- black out
- board
- celebration
- character
- check-in
- checkout
- chicken out
- chip
- clock off
- clock out
- closing time
- concurrent
- convenient
- creep
- crunch
- definite
- do
- dress
- early
- exact
- feed
- feeding
- fix
- flabby
- GMT
- good
- Greenwich Mean Time
- half
- half-an-hour
- half-hourly
- hesitant
- high
- hour
- hourly
- hr
- initiative
- instrumental
- interrogate
- interval

* * *

hora nf

1. [del día] hour;

una hora y media an hour and a half;

se marchó hace una hora y media she left an hour and a half ago;

media hora half an hour;

a primera hora first thing in the morning;

a altas horas de la noche in the small hours;

(pagar) por horas (to pay) by the hour;

cobra 80 euros por hora she charges 80 euros an hour;

el tren circulaba a 100 kilómetros por hora the train was travelling at 100 kilometres an hour;

comer entre horas to eat between meals;

se pasa las horas jugando he spends his time playing;

el enfermo tiene las horas contadas the patient hasn't got long to live;

se rumorea que el ministro tiene las horas contadas it is rumoured that the minister's days are numbered;

a última hora [al final del día] at the end of the day;
[en el último momento] at the last moment;
hasta última hora no nos dimos cuenta del error we didn't notice the mistake until the last moment;

órdenes/preparativos de última hora last-minute orders/preparations;

y nos llega una noticia de última hora [en telediario] and here's some news just in;

última hora: atentado en Madrid [titular] Br stop press o US late breaking news: terrorist attack in Madrid

Comp
horas extra(s), horas extraordinarias [trabajo] overtime; [paga] overtime pay;
hacer horas extra(s) to do o work overtime;

cobrar horas extras to earn o get paid overtime;

horas libres free time;

tengo una hora libre entre latín y griego I've got an hour free between my Latin and Greek;

horas de oficina office hours;
RP hora puente = free period between classes;
hora de salida departure time;
RP hora sándwich = free period between classes;
horas de trabajo working hours;

horas de visita visiting hours;

horas de vuelo flying hours;
Fig
tiene muchas horas de vuelo he's an old hand

2. [momento determinado] time;

¿qué hora es?, Am [m5]¿qué horas son? what time is it?;

¿tiene hora, por favor? have you got the time, please?;

¿a qué hora sale? what time o when does it leave?;

el desfile comenzará a las 14 horas the procession will begin at 14.00 hours o at 2 p.m.;

a esa hora no me va bien that's not a good time for me;

es hora de irse it's time to go;

es hora de cenar it's time for dinner;

se ha hecho la hora de irse a dormir it's time for bed;

ha llegado la hora de marcharnos the time has come for us to leave;

el equipo pasa por horas bajas the team's going through a bad spell o Br patch;

a estas horas deben estar aterrizando en Managua they should be landing in Managua around now;

estaré ahí a la hora I'll be there on time, I'll be punctual;

hay que tener cuidado a la hora de aplicar la pintura care should be taken when applying the paint;

a la hora de cenar at dinnertime;

a la hora de ir de vacaciones, prefiero la playa when it comes to holidays, I prefer the seaside;

a su hora when the time comes, at the appropriate time;

el vuelo no llegó a su o RP [m5] en hora the flight didn't arrive on time;

a todas horas [constantemente] all the time;

el tren llegó antes de hora the train arrived early;

cada hora hourly;

dar la hora [reloj] to strike the hour;

me dio la hora she told me the time;

poner el reloj en hora to set one's watch o clock;

¡ya era hora! and about time too!;

ya es o [m5] ya iba siendo hora de que te fueses a casa it's about time you went home;

Comp
Fam
¡a buenas horas! that's a lot of good now!;

¡a buenas horas me avisas! now's a fine time to tell me!;

Comp
Fam Hum
¡a buenas horas mangas verdes! that's a fat lot of good now!;

Comp
Fam
no dar ni la hora: ese tío no te dará ni la hora that guy's as stingy o tight as they come;

Comp
Esp, Andes, Carib, RP
la hora de la verdad, CAm, Méx [m5] la hora de la hora the moment of truth;
Esp, Andes, Carib, RP
a la hora de la verdad, CAm, Méx [m5] a la hora de la hora when it comes to the crunch;

Comp

en mala hora le conté el secreto I wish I'd never told him the secret;

en mala hora salimos de excursión we couldn't have chosen a worse time to go on a trip;

Comp

no veo la hora de hacerlo I can't wait to do it

Comp
la hora del bocadillo [en fábrica] = break for refreshment during morning's work, Br ≈ morning tea break;
hora cero zero hour;

la hora de cerrar o de cierre closing time;

la hora de dormir bedtime;

hora de Greenwich Greenwich Mean Time, GMT;

hora H zero hour;

hora legal standard time;

hora local local time;

hora muerta free hour;
Educ free period;
hora oficial official time;
Esp hora peninsular = local time in mainland Spain as opposed to the Canaries, which are an hour behind; Am hora pico [de mucho tráfico] rush hour; [de agua, electricidad] peak times; Esp hora punta [de mucho tráfico] rush hour; [de agua, electricidad] peak times;
hora del té teatime;

hora valle off-peak times

3. [cita] appointment;

pedir/dar hora to make/give an appointment;

tengo hora en la peluquería I've got an appointment at the hairdresser's;

tengo hora con el dentista I've got a dental appointment

4. [muerte]
llegó su hora her time has come

5. Rel
horas [libro] book of hours;

horas canónicas canonical hours

HORA INGLESA

In much of Latin America, punctuality is not given the same importance as in the UK or USA. In an ironic recognition of this cultural difference, some people will specify hora inglesa (literally “English time”) when they mean “punctually” or “on the dot”.

* * *

hora

f

1 hour;

hora y media an hour and a half;

horas muertas hour after hour

2 ( momento indeterminado)

:

a todas horas all the time;

a última hora at the last minute;

a última hora de la tarde late in the afternoon;

a altas horas de la madrugada in the (wee) small hours, in the early hours of the morning;

a primera hora de la tarde first thing in the afternoon;

¡ya era hora! about time too!;

ya es hora de que te pongas a estudiar it’s time you started studying;

comer entre horas eat between meals;

le ha llegado o

tocado su hora his time has come;

a la hora de … fig when it comes to …

3 ( cita)

:

pedir hora make an appointment;

tengo hora con el dentista I have an appointment with the dentist

4 ( momento justo)

:

dar la hora de reloj strike (the hour);

poner en hora reloj set;

¿tiene hora? do you have the time?, have you got the time?;

¿qué hora es? what time is it?;

llegó a la hora he arrived on time

* * *

hora nf

1) : hour

media hora: half an hour

a la última hora: at the last minute

a la hora en punto: on the dot

horas de oficina: office hours

2) : time

¿qué hora es?: what time is it?

3) cita: appointment

* * *

hora n

1. (60 minutos) hour

trabajan ocho horas al día they work eight hours a day

2. (momento) time

¿qué hora es? what time is it?

¿tienes hora? have you got the time?

¿a qué hora te levantas? what time do you get up?

3. (cita) appointment

tengo hora con el dentista I've got a dentist's appointment

a primera hora first thing

a todas horas all the time

a última hora at the last minute

es hora de que... it's time...

ya era hora de que el gobierno hiciera algo it was time the government did something

¡ya era hora! about time too!

hora de comer lunchtime

hora punta rush hour

horas extras overtime

Spanish-English dictionary > hora
6 over

'əuvə
1. preposition
1) (higher than; above in position, number, authority etc: Hang that picture over the fireplace; He's over 90 years old.) sobre, encima de; más de

2) (from one side to another, on or above the top of; on the other side of: He jumped over the gate; She fell over the cat; My friend lives over the street.) sobre, encima; al otro lado de

3) (covering: He put his handkerchief over his face.) sobre

4) (across: You find people like him all over the world.) por(todo)

5) (about: a quarrel over money.) por, por motivos de, sobre

6) (by means of: He spoke to her over the telephone.) por

7) (during: Over the years, she grew to hate her husband.) durante, a través de, a lo largo de

8) (while having etc: He fell asleep over his dinner.) durante

2. adverb
1) (higher, moving etc above: The plane flew over about an hour ago.)

2) (used to show movement, change of position: He rolled over on his back; He turned over the page.)

3) (across: He went over and spoke to them.)

4) (downwards: He fell over.)

5) (higher in number etc: for people aged twenty and over.)

6) (remaining: There are two cakes for each of us, and two over.)

7) (through from beginning to end, carefully: Read it over; Talk it over between you.)

3. adjective
(finished: The affair is over now.) por encima

4. noun
((in cricket) a certain number of balls bowled from one end of the wicket: He bowled thirty overs in the match.) serie de seis lanzamientos

5. as part of a word
1) (too (much), as in overdo.) demasiado, extra, exceso de

2) (in a higher position, as in overhead.) por encima (de)

3) (covering, as in overcoat.) sobre

4) (down from an upright position, as in overturn.) hacia abajo

5) (completely, as in overcome.) completamente

•

- over again
- over all
- over and done with

over¹ adv

1. a casa

why don't you come over to see us? ¿por qué no vienes a casa a vernos?

2. acabado

the game is not over yet el partido aún no se ha acabado

3. de sobra

are there any strawberries over? ¿sobran fresas?

over and over again una y otra vez

over here aquí

bring it over here tráelo aquí

over there allí

sit over there siéntate allí over también combina con muchos verbos. Aquí tienes algunos ejemplos

she leant over and took the money se inclinó y cogió el dinero

she crossed over to the other side of the road cruzó la calle

I knocked the bottle over with my elbow tiré la botella con el codo

he fell over and broke his leg se cayó y se rompió la pierna

I'd like to think it over me gustaría pensármelo

over² prep

1. encima de / sobre

he jumped over the wall saltó por encima del muro

the plane flew over the houses el avión sobrevoló las casas

he went to sleep with a newspaper over his face se durmió con un periódico encima de la cara

2. más de

people over 65 las personas de más de 65 años / los mayores de 65 años

it cost over 100 dollars costó más de 100 dólares

all over por todo

all over the world por todo el mundo

over

tr['əʊvə^SMALLr/SMALL]

adverb

1 (down) diferentes traducciones

■ the boy fell over el niño se cayó

■ I knocked the glass over tiré la copa (de un golpe)

2 (from one side to another) diferentes traducciones

■ turn over the page dar la vuelta a la página

■ the car turned over el coche volcó

■ he bent over se inclinó

3 (across) diferentes traducciones

■ let's cross over crucemos al otro lado

■ we jumped over saltamos al otro lado

■ over here/there aquí/allí

■ why don't you come over to dinner? ¿por qué no vienes a cenar a casa?

■ she's over from Spain ha venido de España

4 (showing transfer) diferentes traducciones

■ he went over to the enemy se pasó al enemigo

■ she signed everything over to me lo puso todo a mi nombre

5 (everywhere, throughout) en todas partes

■ the lake is frozen over el lago está completamente helado

■ it's black all over está todo negro

■ she's travelled the world over ha viajado por todo el mundo

■ I ache all over me duele todo

6 (again) otra vez

■ I repeated the message over repetí el mensaje otra vez

■ let's start over (again) volvamos a empezar

■ over and over (again) repetidas veces, una y otra vez

7 (remaining) sobrante

■ are there any strawberries (left) over? ¿sobran fresas?, ¿quedan fresas?

■ did you have any money over? ¿te sobró algún dinero?

8 (too much) de más

■ it's 50 grams over pesa 50 gramos de más

9 (more) más; (older) mayor

■ a hundred people or over cien personas o más

■ children of twelve and over niños mayores de doce años

10 SMALLRADIO/SMALL (finished) corto

■ over and out! ¡corto y fuera!

preposition

1 (above, higher than) encima de

■ a sign over the door un letrero encima de la puerta

■ a plane flew over the area un avión sobrevoló la zona

2 (covering, on top of) sobre, encima de

■ he put his hand over his mouth se tapó la boca con la mano

■ I put a blanket over her feet le tapé los pies con una manta

■ he wore a jacket over his sweater llevaba una americana encima del jersey

3 (across) sobre; (on the other side of) al otro lado de

■ a bridge over the river Trent un puente sobre el río Trent

■ the shop over the road la tienda de enfrente

■ he lives over the border vive al otro lado de la frontera

4 (during) durante

■ over the past 25 years durante los últimos 25 años

■ we talked about it over lunch hablamos de ello durante la comida

5 (throughout) por

■ we travelled all over Italy viajamos por toda Italia

6 (by the agency of) por

■ over the radio por la radio

■ over the phone por teléfono

7 (more than) más de

■ she's over thirty tiene más de treinta años

8 (about) por

■ an argument over money una discusión por dinero

9 (recovered from) recuperado,-a de

■ he's over the flu se ha recuperado de la gripe

10 (indicating control) sobre; (superior) por encima de

■ she has control over the class controla la clase

■ he has only the managing director over him sólo tiene al director ejecutivo por encima de él

adjective

1 (ended) acabado,-a, terminado,-a

■ the game is over la partida ha acabado

noun

1 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (in cricket) serie de seis lanzamientos

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

over and above además de

to be over and done with haber acabado

over ['o:vər] adv

1) (indicating movement across)

he flew over to London: voló a Londres

come on over!: ¡ven acá!

2) (indicating an additional amount)

the show ran 10 minutes over: el espectáculo terminó 10 minutos de tarde

3) above, overhead: por encima

4) again: otra vez, de nuevo

over and over: una y otra vez

to start over: volver a empezar

5)

all over everywhere: por todas partes

6)

to fall over : caerse

7)

to turn over : poner boca abajo, voltear

over adj

1) higher, upper: superior

2) remaining: sobrante, que sobra

3) ended: terminado, acabado

the work is over: el trabajo está terminado

over prep

1) above: encima de, arriba de, sobre

over the fireplace: encima de la chimenea

the hawk flew over the hills: el halcón voló sobre los cerros

2) : más de

over $50: más de $50

3) along: por, sobre

to glide over the ice: deslizarse sobre el hielo

4) (indicating motion through a place or thing)

they showed me over the house: me mostraron la casa

5) across: por encima de, sobre

he jumped over the ditch: saltó por encima de la zanja

6) upon: sobre

a cape over my shoulders: una capa sobre los hombros

7) on: por

to speak over the telephone: hablar por teléfono

8) during: en, durante

over the past 25 years: durante los últimos 25 años

9) because of: por

they fought over the money: se pelearon por el dinero

over (Radio communication)

expr.

• cambio expr.

adj.

• concluido, -a adj.

adv.

• al otro lado adv.

• encima adv.

• encima de adv.

• por encima adv.

prep.

• durante prep.

• encima de prep.

• más de prep.

• por prep.

• sobre prep.

II

1) preposition

Sense I

2) ( across)

he jumped over the fence — saltó (por encima de) la valla

they built a bridge over the river — construyeron un puente sobre el río

she peered over his shoulder — atisbó por encima de su hombro

to sling something over one's shoulder — colgarse* algo del hombro

they live over the road — (BrE) viven en frente

3)

a) ( above) encima de

the portrait hangs over the fireplace — el retrato está colgado encima de or (AmL tb) arriba de la chimenea

a cold front over the Atlantic — un frente frío sobre el Atlántico

b) ( Math) sobre

4) (covering, on)

there are grilles over the windows — hay rejas en las ventanas

snow was falling over the countryside — nevaba sobre la campiña

my room looks out over the square — mi habitación da a la plaza

he pulled his hat down over his eyes — se encasquetó el sombrero tapándose los ojos

he put a coat on over his pajamas — se puso un abrigo encima del pijama

she hit me over the head with her stick — me dio con el bastón en la cabeza

5)

a) (through, all around)

to show somebody over a building/an estate — mostrarle* or (esp Esp) enseñarle un edificio/una finca a alguien

over an area of 50km² — en un área de 50km²

I've been over the details with her — he repasado los detalles con ella

we've been over and over what happened — hemos vuelto una y otra vez sobre lo que sucedió

b) (referring to experiences, illnesses)

is she over her measles yet? — ¿ya se ha repuesto del sarampión?

we're over the worst now — ya hemos pasado lo peor

he isn't over her yet — todavía la quiere

6) (during, in the course of)

over the past/next few years — en or durante los últimos/próximos años

we can discuss it over lunch — podemos hablarlo mientras comemos

we'll be in Italy over the summer — pasaremos el verano en Italia

spread (out) over a six-week period — a lo largo de seis semanas, en un plazo de seis semanas

7) ( by the medium of) por

over the loudspeaker — por el altavoz

8) (about, on account of)

to cry over something — llorar por algo

they argued over money — discutieron por asuntos de dinero

9) all over

a) ( over entire surface of)

there are black marks all over the floor — hay marcas negras por todo el suelo

to be all over somebody — (colloq) ( defeat heavily) darle* una paliza a alguien (fam); ( be demonstrative toward)

they were all over each other — estaban de lo más acaramelados (fam)

b) ( throughout)

all over town — por toda la ciudad

I've been all over the place looking for you — te he estado buscando por todas partes

Sense II

10)

a) ( more than) más de

think of a number over 10 — piensa en un número mayor de or que 10

b)

over and above — ( in addition to) además de

11)

a) ( senior to) por encima de

b) ( indicating superiority) sobre

to have control over somebody/something — tener* control sobre alguien/algo

12) ( in comparison to)

sales are up 20% over last year — las ventas han aumentado un 20% con respecto al año pasado

she has one great advantage over her rivals — tiene una gran ventaja sobre sus rivales

III

noun ( in cricket) over m ( serie de seis lanzamientos)

['ǝʊvǝ(r)] When over is the second element in a phrasal verb, eg come over, go over, start over, turn over, look up the verb.
1. ADVERB

1) (=across) por encima, por arriba (LAm)

this one goes under and that one goes over — este pasa por debajo y ese por encima

2) (=here, there)

I'll be over at 7 o'clock — estaré ahí a las 7

they're over for the day — han venido a pasar el día

when you're next over this way — la próxima vez que pases por aquí
With prepositions and adverbs [over] is usually not translated
• they're over from Canada for the summer — han venido desde Canadá a pasar el verano

• over here — aquí

how long have you lived over here? — ¿cuánto tiempo llevas viviendo aquí?

when you're next over here — la próxima vez que vengas

• he's over in the States at the moment — en este momento está en Estados Unidos

over in the States, people reacted differently — (allí) en Estados Unidos la gente reaccionó de otra manera

• it's over on the other side of town — está al otro lado de la ciudad

• over there — allí

how long were you over there? — ¿cuánto tiempo estuviste allí?

the next time you're over there — la próxima vez que vayas (allí)

• the baby crawled over to its mother — el bebé gateó hacia su madre

to drive over to the other side of town — ir en coche al otro lado de la ciudad

over to you! — (to speak) ¡te paso la palabra!

so now it's over to you — (to decide) así que ahora te toca a ti decidir

now over to our Paris correspondent — ahora damos paso a nuestro corresponsal en París

3) (indicating repetition)

• it happened all over again — volvió a ocurrir, ocurrió otra vez

to start (all) over again — volver a empezar

• over and over (again) — repetidas veces, una y otra vez

• several times over — varias veces seguidas

we did it two or three times over — lo volvimos a hacer dos o tres veces

4) (US) (=again) otra vez

to do sth over — volver a hacer algo, hacer algo otra vez

5) (=remaining)

there are three (left) over — sobran or quedan tres

there were two slices each and one (left) over — había dos rebanadas para cada uno y sobraba una

is there any cake left over? — ¿queda or sobra (algo de) pastel?

when they've paid the bills there's nothing (left) over for luxuries — después de pagar las facturas no les sobra or queda nada para caprichos

4 into 29 goes 7 and 1 over — 29 dividido entre 4 son 7 y me llevo 1

6) (=more)

• sums of £50,000 and over — cantidades iguales or superiores a 50.000 libras

persons of 21 and over — las personas de veintiún años para arriba

7) (Telec)

over! — ¡cambio!

over and out! — ¡cambio y corto!

8) (in set expressions)

• over against — (lit) contra; (fig) frente a

over against the wall — contra la pared

the importance of faith over against good works — la importancia de la fe frente a las buenas obras

• the (whole) world over — en or por todo el mundo, en el mundo entero

2. PREPOSITION

1) (indicating position) (=situated above) encima de, arriba de (LAm); (=across) por encima de, por arriba de (LAm)

there's a mirror over the washbasin — encima del lavabo hay un espejo

a washbasin with a mirror over it — un lavabo con un espejo encima

the water came over his knees — el agua le llegaba por encima de las rodillas

the ball went over the wall — la pelota pasó por encima del muro

to jump over sth — saltar por encima de algo

the bridge over the river — el puente sobre el río

• pour some sauce over it — échale un poco de salsa por encima

• I put a blanket over her — le eché una manta por encima

she put an apron on over her dress — se puso un delantal encima del vestido

• to spread a sheet over sth — extender una sábana sobre or por encima de algo
all 3., 2), head 1., 1), hill 1.
2) (=superior to)

he's over me (in the company) — está por encima mío (en la empresa)

3) (=on the other side of)

the bar over the road — el bar de enfrente

it's over the river — está en la otra orilla del río

the noise came from over the wall — el ruido venía del otro lado de la pared

over the page — en la página siguiente

4) (=more than) más de

over two hundred — más de doscientos

well over 200 people — bastante más de 200 personas

he must be over 60 — debe de tener más de 60 años

(the) over-18s — los mayores de 18 años

an increase of 5% over last year — un aumento del 5 por ciento respecto al año pasado

• spending has gone up by 7% over and above inflation — el gasto ha aumentado un 7% por encima de la inflación

this was over and above his normal duties — eso iba más allá de sus deberes habituales

over and above normal requirements — además de los requisitos normales

yes, but over and above that, we must... — sí, pero además de eso, debemos...

over and above the fact that... — además de que...
well II, 1., 2), a)
5) (=during) durante

over the last few years — durante los últimos años

payments spread over some years — pagos espaciados durante varios años

over Christmas — durante las Navidades

over the winter — durante or en el invierno

why don't we discuss it over dinner? — ¿por qué no vamos a cenar y lo hablamos?

they talked over a cup of coffee — hablaron mientras se tomaban un café

how long will you be over it? — ¿cuánto tiempo te va a llevar?

he took or spent hours over the preparations — dedicó muchas horas a los preparativos
linger
6) (=because of) por

to cry over sth — llorar por algo

they fell out over money — se pelearon por una cuestión de dinero

7) (=about) sobre

the two sides disagreed over how much should be spent — ambas partes discrepaban sobre cuánto debería gastarse

8) (=recovered from)

he's not over that yet — (illness) todavía no se ha repuesto de aquello; (shock) todavía no se ha repuesto de or sobrepuesto a aquello

she's over it now — (illness) se ha repuesto de eso ya

it'll take her years to get over it — (shock) tardará años en sobreponerse

I hope you'll soon be over your cold — espero que se te pase pronto el resfriado, espero que te repongas pronto del resfriado

she's still not over her last boyfriend — aún no ha olvidado a su último novio

we're over the worst now — ya pasó lo peor

9) (indicating means of communication) por

over the telephone — por teléfono

over the loudspeaker — por los altavoces

I heard it over the radio — lo escuché or oí por la radio

10) (=contrasted with)

the issue of quality over economy — la cuestión de la calidad en contraposición a la rentabilidad

3.

ADJECTIVE (=finished)

when or after the war is over, we'll go... — cuando (se) acabe la guerra, nos iremos...

I'll be happy when the exams are over — seré feliz cuando (se) hayan acabado or terminado los exámenes

our troubles are over — (se) han acabado nuestros problemas

the danger was soon over — el peligro pasó pronto

• it's all over — se acabó

it's all over between us — lo nuestro se acabó

• I'll be glad when it's all over and done with — estaré contento cuando todo (se) haya acabado or terminado

for us the incident was over and done with — nosotros dábamos el incidente por zanjado

to get sth over and done with: if we've got to tell her, best get it over and done with — si tenemos que decírselo, cuanto antes (lo hagamos) mejor

4.

NOUN (Cricket) serie f de seis lanzamientos

* * *

II

1) preposition

Sense I

2) ( across)

he jumped over the fence — saltó (por encima de) la valla

they built a bridge over the river — construyeron un puente sobre el río

she peered over his shoulder — atisbó por encima de su hombro

to sling something over one's shoulder — colgarse* algo del hombro

they live over the road — (BrE) viven en frente

3)

a) ( above) encima de

the portrait hangs over the fireplace — el retrato está colgado encima de or (AmL tb) arriba de la chimenea

a cold front over the Atlantic — un frente frío sobre el Atlántico

b) ( Math) sobre

4) (covering, on)

there are grilles over the windows — hay rejas en las ventanas

snow was falling over the countryside — nevaba sobre la campiña

my room looks out over the square — mi habitación da a la plaza

he pulled his hat down over his eyes — se encasquetó el sombrero tapándose los ojos

he put a coat on over his pajamas — se puso un abrigo encima del pijama

she hit me over the head with her stick — me dio con el bastón en la cabeza

5)

a) (through, all around)

to show somebody over a building/an estate — mostrarle* or (esp Esp) enseñarle un edificio/una finca a alguien

over an area of 50km² — en un área de 50km²

I've been over the details with her — he repasado los detalles con ella

we've been over and over what happened — hemos vuelto una y otra vez sobre lo que sucedió

b) (referring to experiences, illnesses)

is she over her measles yet? — ¿ya se ha repuesto del sarampión?

we're over the worst now — ya hemos pasado lo peor

he isn't over her yet — todavía la quiere

6) (during, in the course of)

over the past/next few years — en or durante los últimos/próximos años

we can discuss it over lunch — podemos hablarlo mientras comemos

we'll be in Italy over the summer — pasaremos el verano en Italia

spread (out) over a six-week period — a lo largo de seis semanas, en un plazo de seis semanas

7) ( by the medium of) por

over the loudspeaker — por el altavoz

8) (about, on account of)

to cry over something — llorar por algo

they argued over money — discutieron por asuntos de dinero

9) all over

a) ( over entire surface of)

there are black marks all over the floor — hay marcas negras por todo el suelo

to be all over somebody — (colloq) ( defeat heavily) darle* una paliza a alguien (fam); ( be demonstrative toward)

they were all over each other — estaban de lo más acaramelados (fam)

b) ( throughout)

all over town — por toda la ciudad

I've been all over the place looking for you — te he estado buscando por todas partes

Sense II

10)

a) ( more than) más de

think of a number over 10 — piensa en un número mayor de or que 10

b)

over and above — ( in addition to) además de

11)

a) ( senior to) por encima de

b) ( indicating superiority) sobre

to have control over somebody/something — tener* control sobre alguien/algo

12) ( in comparison to)

sales are up 20% over last year — las ventas han aumentado un 20% con respecto al año pasado

she has one great advantage over her rivals — tiene una gran ventaja sobre sus rivales

III

noun ( in cricket) over m ( serie de seis lanzamientos)

English-spanish dictionary > over
7 close

̈ɪkləus I
1. сущ.
1) а) огороженное место б) брит. огороженное поле( в центральных районах Англии) в) (Close) название школьной площадки (в некоторых школах)
2) а) территория вокруг или около здания( обыкн. закрытая, огороженная другими постройками) ;
двор б) преим. брит. территория, прилегающая к собору;
иногда соборное духовенство
3) а) преим. брит. проход, ведущий с улицы во двор к лестнице многоквартирного дома б) тупик (часто в названиях улиц-тупиков) Longwood Close ≈ тупик Лонгвуд Syn: cul-de-sac
2. прил.
1) а) закрытый I've brought a close carriage for him. ≈ Я достал ему закрытую коляску. Syn: closed, shut
2. б) фон. закрытый (гласный) в) закрытый (для доступа широкой публики, для охоты)
2) замкнутый;
ограниченный, узкий The space contained close alleys and open walks. ≈ Пространство включало узкие аллеи и открытые места для прогулок. Syn: confined, narrow
1.
3) заключенный( в тюрьму и т. п.), строго охраняемый;
строгий( о тюремном или подобном заключении) Captain is in close arrest. ≈ Капитан находится под строгим арестом.
4) скрытый, секретный, тайный;
уединенный, скрытый от глаз to keep a thing close ≈ держать что-л. в секрете to keep close, lie close ≈ прятаться Syn: concealed, occult
1., secret
2., hidden;
secluded
5) душный, удушливый, спертый The air in this room is very close. ≈ В этой комнате очень спертый воздух. Syn: stuffy, suffocating, stagnant, unventilated;
muggy, humid, stifling
6) скрытный, замкнутый, сдержанный, молчаливый He was too close to name his circumstances to me. ≈ Он был слишком замкнутым человеком, чтобы рассказать мне о своих обстоятельствах. to keep oneself close ≈ держаться замкнуто Syn: reserved, reticent, uncommunicative
7) скупой, скаредный He's as close with his money as Scrooge. ≈ Он такой же скупой, как Скрудж. Syn: stingy, miserly, tight
1., tight-fisted, close-fisted, penurious, parsimonious, niggardly
1., penny-pinching, ungenerous, grudging
8) плотный;
компактный;
густой;
сжатый, убористый( о почерке, стиле) Living in such close quarters makes privacy difficult. ≈ Проживание в такой густонаселенной квартире мешает личной жизни. The fabric was of a close weave. ≈ Это была плотная ткань. close print ≈ убористая печать Syn: congested, crowded, teeming, populous;
tight
1., cramped, confined, narrow
1., compressed;
dense, compact II
1., solid
1., impenetrable, impermeable
9) а) близкий (о времени и месте) ;
близко расположенный The house is close to the park. ≈ Дом расположен рядом с парком. The migration of the ducks southward showed that winter was close. ≈ Перелет уток на юг показывает, что зима на носу. close column ≈ сомкнутая колонна to get to close quarters ≈ сблизиться, подойти на близкую дистанцию close attack ≈ наступление с ближней дистанции close defence ≈ непосредственное охранение Syn: near
1., neighbouring, approximate
1., imminent, impending>, forthcoming
2., nigh
1. б) кино крупный (план)
10) плотно облегающий;
хорошо пригнанный( об одежде) Syn: close-fitting
11) близкий, интимный;
неразлучный close friend ≈ близкий друг The two brothers are very close. ≈ Два брата очень близки. Syn: attached, friendly
1.,intimate I
2., familiar
1., loving, devoted;
inseparable
12) близкий, схожий;
почти равный( о соревновании, шансах на победу) The color is close to what I want, but the style is wrong. ≈ Цвет очень близок к тому, что я хочу, но фасон мне не нравится. The resemblance is very close and very strange. ≈ Сходство очень сильное и очень странное. close translation ≈ очень близкий перевод It was a close race. ≈ Это были почти равные скачки. Syn: near
1., similar, akin, almost like, almost alike, much the same as, resembling;
well-matched, nearly even, nearly equal
13) внимательный;
тщательный;
подробный Keep a close watch on the children. ≈ Внимательно следите за детьми. close reading ≈ внимательное, медленное чтение close investigation ≈ подробное обследование Syn: intense, intent
2., watchful, careful, attentive, vigilant, keen I, thorough
1., strict, minute III, searching
14) короткий;
коротко постриженный A straight razor gives a close shave. ≈ Прямая бритва бреет очень гладко. a close haircut ≈ короткая стрижка Syn: near to the skin, smooth
1., trim
2., neat I, short
1. ∙ by a close shave
3. нареч.
1) близко, рядом, около;
рядом с (чем-л./кем-л. - to, on, upon, about, beside, behind, below, in и т. д.) to follow close behind the man ≈ следовать непосредственно за этим человеком to stand close against the wall ≈ стоять около стены to come closer together ≈ подойти ближе друг к другу Come close so I can see you. ≈ Подойди и стань рядом, чтобы я мог тебя увидеть. We were close to when it happened. ≈ Мы были рядом, когда это случилось. close at hand Syn: near
2., nearby
2., near at hand, thereabout, in proximity
2) почти He ran me very close. ≈ Он почти догнал меня. close on Syn: almost, nearly
3) коротко (о стрижке волос, о подстриженной траве) to cut one's hair close ≈ коротко постричься close cropped ≈ коротко остриженный II
1. сущ.
1) завершение, заключение, конец, окончание at the close of the day ≈ в конце дня towards the close of the 19th century ≈ к концу 19 века The day had reached its close. ≈ День подошел к концу. The crowd began to leave before the close of the game. ≈ Народ начал уходить перед окончанием игры. bring to a close ≈ довести до конца, завершить, закончить Syn: end 1, finish
1., conclusion, termination, wind-up I, completion;
closing
1., ending
1., finale
2) муз. каденция;
каданс
3) объединение, соединение the close of earth and sky ≈ объединение земли и неба Syn: union, junction
4) архаич. столкновение;
борьба Syn: grapple
1., struggle
1., encounter
1.
2. гл.
1) а) закрывать Close the door tightly. ≈ Закрой плотно дверь. to close the eyes ≈ закрыть глаза б) закрываться Many flowers open in the morning and close at night. ≈ Многие цветы утром распускаются, а вечером закрываются. ∙ Syn: shut
1., secure
2.
2) затыкать, заделывать;
забивать, заполнять The handyman closed the hole in the wall with plaster. ≈ Рабочий заделал дыру в стене штукатуркой. Syn: close up, stop up, stop
2., fill
1., stuff, clog, plug
3) ограничивать;
препятствовать, блокировать;
запирать;
заключать( куда-л., во что-л.) The stableboy closed the horse in the stall. ≈ Помощник конюха закрыл лошадь в стойле. Syn: shut in, shut up, confine
2., pen in, enclose, pen II
2., coop up, blockade
2., block
2., obstruct, seal off
4) а) кончать, заканчивать to close a discussion ≈ прекратить обсуждение The pianist closed the concert with a Gershwin medley. ≈ Пианист завершил концерт исполнением попурри из Гершвина. б) прекращаться, заканчиваться Schools closed for the Christmas holiday. ≈ Школы закрылись на Рождественские каникулы. ∙ Syn: end
2., finish
2., conclude, terminate, stop
2., halt I
2., cease
1., wind up;
adjourn, recess
2., suspend, discontinue, leave off, break off, shut down в) бирж. завершиться каким-л. курсом (о торгах на бирже)
5) а) соединять, объединять The surgeon closed the two edges of the incision with surgical thread. ≈ Хирург соединил края разреза хирургической ниткой. Syn: join
1., link
2., connect, couple
2., unite б) электр. замыкать (цепь) Syn: fuse I
2.
6) а) подходить близко;
сближаться вплотную The soldiers closed ranks. ≈ Солдаты сдвинули ряды. The men closed round him. ≈ Люди столпились вокруг него. б) войти в ближний бой, схватиться в рукопашной;
войти в соприкосновение( с противником) ∙ close about close down close in close in on close off close out close round close up close upon close with be closed with огороженное стеной место (около дома или деревни) - breaking smb.'s * нарушение границы чужого земельного участка соборная площадь, площадь вокруг собора;
территория, обыкн. огороженная (включает постройки, сад) площадка для игр( при школе) (шотландское) ход со двора, проход к лестнице многоквартирного дома тупик (улица) закрытый - * carriage закрытый экипаж - * vowel (фонетика) закрытый гласный закрытый;
ограниченный;
замкнутый - * season время, когда охота запрещена;
охотничий сезон закрыт - * terrain (топография) закрытая местность - * competition закрытый конкурс замкнутый, уединенный - to keep oneself * держаться замкнуто;
жить уединенно тайный, скрытый - * intent тайное намерение - to lie * прятаться - to keep smth. * держать в секрете, скрывать - to say smth. in *st confidence сказать строго конфиденциально скрытный, сдержанный( о человеке) - he was too * about his past life он скрывал свое прошлое строго охраняемый - * arrest строгий арест - * cell особо охраняемая тюремная камера - to keep in * confinement содержать в строгом заключении - as * as an oyster умеет держать язык за зубами закрывать - to * a door закрыть дверь - this road is *d to heavy motor traffic для грузового транспорта эта дорога закрыта - to * a hole заткнуть отверстие - to * a gap заполнить пробел;
(спортивное) сократить разрыв;
(военное) ликвидировать прорыв - to * a drawer задвинуть ящик (стола) закрываться - the window won't * окно не закрывается - the shops * at six магазины закрываются в шесть часов - the wound *d рана закрылась - the play *d after ten performances после десяти представлений пьеса сошла со сцены (электротехника) замыкать (цепь) (морское) задраивать - to * one's doors не допускать, не впускать;
закрыть предприятие - to * the country's doors to immigrants не допускать иммиграции в страну - he had to * his doors for lack of trade он закрыл свое дело из-за отсутствия заказов - to * the door отрезать путь - his attitude *d the door to further negotiations его позиция отрезала путь к дальнейшим переговорам - to * one's parent's eyes закрыть глаза родителю, присутствовать при смерти родителя - to * smb.'s eye подбить глаз - to * one's ear пропускать мимо ушей;
быть глухим - to * one's mouth держать язык за зубами, помалкивать - to * one's purse отказать в деньгах конец;
заключение, завершение - at the * of one's days в конце жизни - day has reached its * день кончился - to bring to a * закончить, завершить;
довести до конца - to draw to a * приближаться к концу закрытие, окончание работы - at the * of the exchange при закрытии биржи - * price( коммерческое) окончательная цена( музыкальное) каданс заканчивать, завершать;
заключать - to * a speech заключить речь - to * a meeting закрыть собрание - to * a subscription list прекратить подписку - to * an account( финансовое) закрыть счет заканчиваться;
завершаться - the meeting *d with a speech by the president собрание завершилось выступлением президента - his short life *d его короткая жизнь оборвалась договариваться - to * a bargain договориться, заключить сделку принять (предложение, условие) - I offered him six pounds and he *d with it я предложил ему шесть фунтов, и он согласился - the two ministers did not * with each other два министра не смогли договориться между собой( биржевое) иметь цену или курс на момент закрытия биржи - that stock *d last night at ten dollars на момент закрытия биржи вчера вечером эти акции стоили десять долларов( военное) войти в соприкосновение - the order was given to * with the enemy дан приказ войти в соприкосновение с противником - to * one's days окончить дни свои, умереть близкий;
находящийся или расположенный недалеко - * proximity непосредственная близость - * combat( военное) ближний бой - * reconnaissance( военное) ближняя разведка - * support( военное) непосредственная поддержка - * fighting бой с ближней дистанции (бокс) - the house is * to the station дом находится близко от вокзала близкий, интимный - he is a * friend of mine он мой большой друг тесный, близкий - * contact тесный контакт - * co-operation тесное сотрудничество;
(военное) непосредственное взаимодействие - there's a * resemblance between them между ними большое сходство плотный, компактный;
тесный - * texture плотная ткань - * thicket густая чаща - to sew with * stitches шить мелкими стежками - * timber( горное) сплошная крепь - * formation( военное) сомкнутый строй - * march( военное) движение в сомкнутом строю - * finish финиширование в тесной группе участников (велоспорт) - * planting загущенный посев, загущенная посадка( растений) - * stand густое стояние;
сомкнутость полога (леса) хорошо пригнанный;
плотный - * lid плотно закрывающаяся крышка - * bonnet плотно сидящая на голове шапочка - * fit (техническое) плотная пригонка облегающий (об одежде) сжатый (о стиле) краткий и содержательный - * statement лаконичное заявление убористый (о почерке) - * print убористая печать, плотный набор душный, спертый - * air спертый воздух - * day душный день - a spell of * weather период летний духоты тщательный;
подробный - * investigation тщательное расследование - * analysis подробный анализ - * attention пристальное внимание - * check( техническое) строгий контроль точный - * translation точный перевод срезанный низко, коротко, до корня - * haircut короткая стрижка - * mowing низкий срез( травы, хлебов) скупой, скаредный - he is * with his money он скуповат почти равный( о шансах) - * combat состязание, в котором силы участвующих почти равны;
состязание достойных соперников;
упорная борьба на выборах - * vote почти равное количество голосов "за" и "против" - * district (американизм) избирательный округ, в котором победа одержана незначительным большинством( разговорное) трудно достающийся, ограниченный (о средствах) - money is * деньги достаются нелегко( разговорное) скуповатый строго логичный - * reasoning логичное рассуждение( устаревшее) строгий, суровый - * mourning глубокий траур( редкое) вязкий;
нелетучий( спортивное) осторожный( о футболе и т. п.) (кинематографический) крупный - * shot крупный план близко - * at hand близко, рядом, под рукой;
рукой подать - to follow smb. * следовать за кем-л. по пятам - the end of the year is drawing * приближается конец года - * to the wind (морское) в крутой бейдевинд коротко - to cut one's hair * коротко подстричься в сочетаниях: - * by рядом - * on приблизительно, около, почти - * to около - to sit * to the fire сидеть около камина - to stick * to the text строго придерживаться текста - * upon приблизительно, около, почти - * upon two hundred people около двухсот человек - to press smb. * обращаться сурово - * to home не в бровь, а в глаз - the speaker's remarks hit * to home замечания оратора попали в самую точку подходить близко, сближаться, смыкаться - the ship sank and the water *d over it корабль затонул, и воды сомкнулись над ним (спортивное) (военное) сомкнуть( ряды) - to * the ranks сомкнуть ряды;
сплотиться, объединиться - we must * the ranks to secure peace мы должны сплотиться, чтобы обеспечить мир (by) a ~ shave на волосок от (by) a ~ shave с минимальным преимуществом ~ конец, завершение, окончание;
to bring to a close довести до конца, завершить, закончить bring to a ~ вчт. завершать close без пропусков, пробелов;
связный ~ близкий, интимный;
close friend близкий друг ~ близкий (о времени и месте) ;
тесный;
close contact тесный контакт ~ близкий ~ близко;
close up поблизости;
close on почти, приблизительно;
there were close on a hundred people present присутствовало почти сто человек ~ внимательный;
тщательный;
подробный;
close investigation подробное обследование;
close reading внимательное, медленное чтение ~ договариваться ~ завершать ~ завершение ~ завершение кредитного соглашения ~ завершение сделки ~ заканчивать(ся) ;
заключать (речь и т. п.) ;
to close a discussion прекратить обсуждение ~ заканчивать ~ заключать ~ заключение ~ закрывать(ся) ;
кончать (торговлю, занятия) ~ вчт. закрывать ~ закрывать ~ закрываться ~ закрытие ~ закрытие биржи ~ закрытие бухгалтерских книг в конце учетного периода ~ закрытый ~ вчт. закрыть ~ замкнутый, молчаливый, скрытный;
to keep oneself close держаться замкнуто ~ замкнутый ~ эл. замыкать (цепь) ;
close about окутывать;
окружать ~ иметь определенный курс на момент закрытия биржи ~ муз. каденция;
каданс ~ компактный ~ конец, завершение, окончание;
to bring to a close довести до конца, завершить, закончить ~ конец ~ кончать ~ коротко;
close cropped коротко остриженный;
to cut one's hair close коротко постричься ~ облегающий (об одежде) ;
хорошо пригнанный;
точно соответствующий ~ огороженное место (часто вокруг собора) ~ ограниченный ~ окончание работы ~ плотный;
густой (о лесе) ;
close texture плотная ткань ~ плотный ~ подробный ~ подходить близко;
сближаться вплотную ~ почти;
he ran me very close он почти догнал меня ~ почти равный (о шансах) ~ почти равный ~ прекращение ~ сжатый (о почерке, стиле) ;
close print убористая печать ~ скупой;
he is close with his money он скуповат ~ спертый, душный ~ строгий (об аресте, изоляции) ~ строго охраняемый ~ тайный ~ точный;
close translation точный перевод ~ точный ~ тщательный ~ уединенный;
скрытый;
to keep a thing close держать (что-л.) в секрете;
to keep (или to lie) close прятаться ~ хорошо пригнанный ~ школьная площадка ~ заканчивать(ся) ;
заключать (речь и т. п.) ;
to close a discussion прекратить обсуждение ~ эл. замыкать (цепь) ;
close about окутывать;
окружать to get to ~ quarters сблизиться, подойти на близкую дистанцию;
close attack воен. наступление с ближней дистанции ~ call амер. на волосок от;
close contest упорная борьба на выборах;
close vote почти равное деление голосов ~ column сомкнутая колонна;
close order сомкнутый строй column: ~ воен. колонна;
амер. мор. строй кильватера;
close column сомкнутая колонна;
in column в колонне, в затылок;
амер. мор. в строю кильватера ~ близкий (о времени и месте) ;
тесный;
close contact тесный контакт ~ call амер. на волосок от;
close contest упорная борьба на выборах;
close vote почти равное деление голосов ~ коротко;
close cropped коротко остриженный;
to cut one's hair close коротко постричься ~ defence непосредственное охранение ~ district амер. избирательный округ, где победа на выборах одержана незначительным большинством ~ down мор. задраивать ~ down закрывать (предприятие) ;
прекращать работу ~ down закрывать ~ down ликвидировать предприятие ~ down подавлять ~ down прекращать работу ~ down применять репрессии;
подавлять ~ близкий, интимный;
close friend близкий друг ~ in окружать, огораживать ~ in приближаться;
наступать ~ in сокращаться (о днях) ;
close on приходить к соглашению;
close round окружать ~ внимательный;
тщательный;
подробный;
close investigation подробное обследование;
close reading внимательное, медленное чтение ~ of financial year конец финансового года ~ of pleadings прекращение обмена состязательными бумагами ~ of polling прекращение процедуры голосования ~ of year конец года ~ близко;
close up поблизости;
close on почти, приблизительно;
there were close on a hundred people present присутствовало почти сто человек ~ in сокращаться (о днях) ;
close on приходить к соглашению;
close round окружать ~ upon = ~ on;
~ with вступать в борьбу ~ upon = ~ on;
~ with принимать предложение, заключать сделку to ~ one's days умереть;
to close the door (on smth.) положить конец обсуждению (чего-л.) ;
сделать( что-л.) невозможным day: his ~ is gone его время прошло, окончилась его счастливая пора;
his days are numbered дни его сочтены;
to close (или to end) one's days окончить дни свои;
скончаться;
покончить счеты с жизнью ~ column сомкнутая колонна;
close order сомкнутый строй order: ~ воен. строй, боевой порядок;
close (extended) order сомкнутый (расчлененный) строй ~ out закрывать свое предприятие ~ out исключать ~ out исключать возможность ~ out ликвидировать ценные бумаги ~ out продавать ~ сжатый (о почерке, стиле) ;
close print убористая печать ~ внимательный;
тщательный;
подробный;
close investigation подробное обследование;
close reading внимательное, медленное чтение reading: ~ чтение;
close reading внимательное чтение ~ in сокращаться (о днях) ;
close on приходить к соглашению;
close round окружать ~ season время, когда запрещена охота или рыбная ловля season: close ~ закрытый сезон ~ плотный;
густой (о лесе) ;
close texture плотная ткань to ~ one's days умереть;
to close the door (on smth.) положить конец обсуждению (чего-л.) ;
сделать (что-л.) невозможным door: door дверь;
дверца;
дверной проем;
front door парадный вход;
to close the door ((up) on smb.) закрыть (за кем-л.) дверь ~ перен. путь, дорога;
a door to success путь к успеху;
to close the door (to (или upon) smth.) отрезать путь (к чему-л.) ;
сделать (что-л.) невозможным;
to open a door (to (или for) smth.) открыть путь (к чему-л.) ;
~ точный;
close translation точный перевод ~ близко;
close up поблизости;
close on почти, приблизительно;
there were close on a hundred people present присутствовало почти сто человек ~ up заканчивать ~ up закрывать ~ up закрываться (о ране) ~ up ликвидировать ~ up сомкнуть ряды ~ upon = ~ on;
~ with вступать в борьбу ~ upon = ~ on;
~ with принимать предложение, заключать сделку ~ call амер. на волосок от;
close contest упорная борьба на выборах;
close vote почти равное деление голосов ~ upon = ~ on;
~ with вступать в борьбу ~ upon = ~ on;
~ with принимать предложение, заключать сделку ~ коротко;
close cropped коротко остриженный;
to cut one's hair close коротко постричься to get to ~ quarters сблизиться, подойти на близкую дистанцию;
close attack воен. наступление с ближней дистанции ~ скупой;
he is close with his money он скуповат ~ почти;
he ran me very close он почти догнал меня ~ уединенный;
скрытый;
to keep a thing close держать (что-л.) в секрете;
to keep (или to lie) close прятаться ~ уединенный;
скрытый;
to keep a thing close держать (что-л.) в секрете;
to keep (или to lie) close прятаться ~ замкнутый, молчаливый, скрытный;
to keep oneself close держаться замкнуто ~ близко;
close up поблизости;
close on почти, приблизительно;
there were close on a hundred people present присутствовало почти сто человек

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > close
8 un

un, une [œ̃, yn]

━━━━━━━━━

1. indefinite article

2. pronoun

3. adjective

4. invariable masculine noun

5. feminine noun

━━━━━━━━━

1. <

a

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► a devient an devant une voyelle.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• un chien a dog

• une poupée a doll

• une idée an idea

• un chien sent tout de suite si quelqu'un a peur de lui dogs know straight away when you're afraid of them

• un certain M. Legrand a Mr Legrand

• elle a fait une de ces scènes ! (inf) she made a dreadful scene!

• j'ai une de ces faims ! (inf) I'm so hungry!

2. <

one

• un seul just one

• pas un seul not one

• prêtez-moi un de vos livres lend me one of your books

• c'est un de ces enfants qui s'ennuient partout he's one of those children who gets bored wherever he goes(PROV) un de perdu, dix de retrouvés there are plenty more fish in the sea

► comme pas un (inf)

il est arrogant comme pas un he's as arrogant as they come► et d'une ! (inf) for a start!

• personne ne t'a forcé de venir, et d'une ! for a start no one forced you to come!► un à un, un par un one by one

• il a examiné les photos une à une he examined the photos one by one

• ajouter les œufs un par un add the eggs one at a time► en... un

• en voilà un qui ne se gêne pas ! well, he's got a nerve!

• j'en connais un qui sera content ! I know someone who'll be pleased!

• prête-m'en un lend me one

• il n'en reste qu'une there's only one left

• il m'en a raconté une drôle sur le directeur he told me a really funny one about the manager► l'un d'eux, l'un d'entre eux one of them

► l'un de

• l'une de nos idées one of our ideas

• l'une des meilleures chanteuses one of the best singers► les uns... les autres... some people... others...

► l'un après l'autre one after the other

► l'un contre l'autre

• serrés l'un contre l'autre huddled together► l'un dans l'autre ( = tout bien considéré) all in all

► l'un l'autre, les uns les autres one another each other

• aimez-vous les uns les autres love one another

3. <

(numéral) one

• vingt et un ans twenty-one years

• il reviendra dans un an ou deux he'll come back in a year or two

• chapitre un chapter one

• en deux mille un in two thousand and one

• ils ont gagné deux à un they won two-one

• prenez un gros oignon ou deux petits take one large onion or two small ones

• nous n'avons pas vu une seule voiture we didn't see a single car

• un jour, il m'a téléphoné one day he phoned me

• passez un soir drop in one evening

4. <

( = nombre) one

• un et un font deux one and one are two

• compter de un à cent to count from one to a hundred

• le cavalier ne faisait qu'un avec son cheval horse and rider were as one

5. <

une

a. ( = nombre) une, deux ! une, deux ! left, right! left, right!

• à la une, à la deux, à la trois ! (inf) with a one and a two and a three!

• il n'a fait ni une ni deux, il a accepté (inf) he accepted like a shot (inf)

b. (Press) cet accident fait la une des journaux the accident made the headlines

* * *

1.

une œ̃(n), yn article indéfini (pl des)

1) ( au singulier) a, an

avec un sang-froid remarquable — with remarkable self-control

il n'a pas dit un mot — he didn't say a ou one word

il n'y avait pas un arbre — there wasn't a single tree

un chien est plus docile qu'un chat — dogs are more docile than cats

un jour, je t'en parlerai — I'll tell you about it one day

2) ( au pluriel)

il y avait des mille-pattes et des scorpions — there were millipedes and scorpions

il y a des gens qui ne comprennent jamais rien — there are some people who never understand anything

des invités avaient déjà défait leur cravate — some guests had already loosened their ties

3) ( en emphase)

il fait un froid or un de ces froids! — it's so cold!

elle m'a donné une de ces gifles! — she gave me such a slap!

2.

pronom (pl uns, unes) gén one

(l')un d'entre or de nous — one of us

(l')un des meilleurs — one of the best

un de ces jours or quatre — (colloq) one of these days

les uns pensent que... — some think that...

3.

adjectif one, a (devant une consonne), an (devant une voyelle)

trente et une personnes ont été blessées — thirty-one people were injured

ici, il pleut un jour sur deux — it rains every other day here

4.

nom masculin, féminin one

il y en a un par personne — there's one each

les deux villes n'en font plus qu'une — the two cities have merged into one

un à ou par un — one by one

5.

(colloq) adverbe firstly, for one thing

un, je fais ce que je veux et deux ça ne te regarde pas! — firstly, I do what I like and secondly it's none of your business!

6.

nom masculin

1) ( nombre) one

un, deux, trois, partez! — one, two, three, go!

2) ( valeur ordinale)

page/scène un — page/scene one

3) fig

elle ne faisait qu'un avec sa machine — she and her machine were as one

••

s'en jeter un (derrière la cravate) — (colloq) to knock back a drink (colloq)

il est menteur comme pas un — he's the biggest liar

un pour tous et tous pour un — all for one and one for all; dix

••

Emploi et prononciation de a et an

- On emploie a ə devant les consonnes, les h aspirés et les semi-consonnes j, w (dans a university, a one-eyed man), et an ən devant les voyelles et h muets (hour, honest, heir)

Un = pronom

- L'emploi de un en corrélation avec autre est traité sous autre. Voir aussi chose, comme, ainsi que les verbes avec lesquels le pronom se substitue familièrement à un groupe nominal comme coller - en coller une, placer - en placer une etc)

Un = adjectif numéral

En général, un, adjectif numéral, se traduit indifféremment par a ou one: j'ai un garçon et deux filles = I have a ou one boy and two girls

En revanche un se traduit par one quand on veut insister sur le nombre. Ainsi, on dira: il ne reste qu'une pomme ( pas deux) = there's only one apple left; mais: il ne reste qu'une pomme ( pas d'autres fruits) = there's only an apple left; j'ai un frère et deux soeurs ( nous sommes quatres enfants) = I have one brother and two sisters; mais: j'ai un frère qui est informaticien ( j'ai d'autres frères) = I have a brother who is a computer scientist; ça coûte une livre = it costs a ou one pound; mais: ça coûte une livre cinquante = it costs one pound fifty; cela a pris une heure = it took an ou one hour; mais: il est une heure = it is one o'clock

••

Emploi et prononciation de a et an

- On emploie a ə devant les consonnes, les h aspirés et les semi-consonnes j, w (dans a university, a one-eyed man), et an ən devant les voyelles et h muets (hour, honest, heir)

Un = pronom

- L'emploi de un en corrélation avec autre est traité sous autre. Voir aussi chose, comme, ainsi que les verbes avec lesquels le pronom se substitue familièrement à un groupe nominal comme coller - en coller une, placer - en placer une etc)

Un = adjectif numéral

En général, un, adjectif numéral, se traduit indifféremment par a ou one: j'ai un garçon et deux filles = I have a ou one boy and two girls

En revanche un se traduit par one quand on veut insister sur le nombre. Ainsi, on dira: il ne reste qu'une pomme ( pas deux) = there's only one apple left; mais: il ne reste qu'une pomme ( pas d'autres fruits) = there's only an apple left; j'ai un frère et deux soeurs ( nous sommes quatres enfants) = I have one brother and two sisters; mais: j'ai un frère qui est informaticien ( j'ai d'autres frères) = I have a brother who is a computer scientist; ça coûte une livre = it costs a ou one pound; mais: ça coûte une livre cinquante = it costs one pound fifty; cela a pris une heure = it took an ou one hour; mais: il est une heure = it is one o'clock

* * *
œ̃, yn (une)
1. art indéf

1) (généralement) a, an devant voyelle

une fille — a girl

un garçon — a boy

un œuf — an egg

une pomme — an apple

2) (avec valeur intensive)

Il fait une chaleur! — It's so hot!

Il y avait une foule! — It was so crowded!, There was such a crowd!

Il est d'un bête! — He's so stupid!

un de ces... — such a...

J'ai eu une de ces migraines. — I had such a headache.

2. pron

one

Il n'y en a pas un de bon. — Not one of them is any good.

un par un — one by one

Ils entraient un par un. — They went in one by one.

l'un des meilleurs — one of the best

pas un seul — not a single one

l'un..., l'autre — the one..., the other

L'un est grand, l'autre est petit. — One is tall, the other is short.

l'un et l'autre — both of them, both

les uns..., les autres — some..., others

Les uns marchaient, les autres couraient. — Some were walking, others were running.

l'un ou l'autre — either of them, either

Prends l'un ou l'autre, ça m'est égal. — Take either of them, I don't mind.

l'un l'autre; les uns les autres — each other, one another

3. num

one

un citron et deux oranges — one lemon and two oranges

Combien de timbres? - Un. — How many stamps? - One.

Elle a un an. — She's one year old.

une pomme seulement — one apple only

4. nm inv

(chiffre)

le un — number one, one

5. nf

la une PRESSE — the front page

* * *

un ⇒ Note d'usage, une ⇒ Les nombres, L'heure

A art indéf (pl des)

1 ( au singulier) a, an; une pomme an apple; une femme vous demande a woman is asking for you; un ciel couvert an overcast sky; avec un sang-froid remarquable with remarkable self-control; il n'a pas dit un mot he didn't say a ou one word; il n'y avait pas un arbre there wasn't a single tree; c'est un Paul furieux que j'ai vu sortir du bureau it was an angry Paul that I saw coming out of the office; leur mère était une Montagut their mother was a Montagut; un chien est plus docile qu'un chat dogs are more docile than cats, a dog is more docile than a cat; un accident est vite arrivé accidents soon happen; un jour, je t'en parlerai I'll tell you about it one day;

2 ( au pluriel) il y avait des mille-pattes et des scorpions there were millipedes and scorpions; il y a des gens qui ne comprennent jamais rien there are some people who never understand anything; des invités avaient déjà défait leur cravate some guests had already loosened their ties;

3 ( en emphase) il fait un froid or un de ces froids! it's so cold!; j'ai une soif or une de ces soifs! I'm so thirsty!; elle marchait avec une grâce! she was walking so gracefully!; elle m'a donné une de ces gifles! she gave me such a slap!; il y a un monde aujourd'hui! there are so many people today!; il travaille jusqu'à des deux heures du matin he works up until two in the morning; il y en a des qui vont bien rire○! some people are going to have a good laugh!

B pron (pl uns, unes) gén one; (l')un de or d'entre nous one of us; (l')un des meilleurs one of the best; un de ces jours or quatre○ one of these days; l'un est diplomate one is a diplomat; les uns pensent que… some think that…; pas un n'a dit merci not one of them said thank you; un qui sera surpris, c'est… one person who will be surprised is…; t'en as un, de bateau, toi○? have YOU got a boat?

C adj one, a ( devant une consonne), an ( devant une voyelle); j'y suis resté un jour I stayed there for a ou one day; trente et une personnes ont été blessées thirty-one people were injured; ici, il pleut un jour sur deux it rains every other day here.

D nm,f one; il n'en reste qu'un there's only one left ; il y en a un par personne there's one each; j'en ai déjà mangé un I've already eaten one; les deux villes n'en font plus qu'une the two cities have merged into one; un à ou par un [cueillir, ramasser, laver] one by one; [arriver, entrer, partir] one by one, one after the other; traiter les problèmes un à ou par un to deal with the problems one by one.

E ○adv firstly, for one thing; un, je fais ce que je veux et deux ça ne te regarde pas! firstly, I do what I like and secondly it's none of your business!, for one thing I do what I like, for another thing it's none of your business!

F nm

1 ( nombre) one; il y a trois uns dans cent onze there are three ones in one hundred and eleven; un, deux, trois, partez! one, two, three, go!; faire un un ( aux dés) to throw a one;

2 ( valeur ordinale) page/scène un page/scene one;

3 fig elle ne faisait qu'un avec sa machine she and her machine were as one; dans l'adversité ils ne font qu'un they are united in the face of adversity.

G une nf la une the front page; être à la une to be in the headlines, to be on the front page.

Idiomes

tu peux me prêter 20 euros? je suis sans un○ could you lend me 20 euros? I'm broke○; s'en jeter un (derrière la cravate)○ to knock back a drink○; elle est fière comme pas une she's extremely proud; il est menteur comme pas un he's the greatest liar; c'est tout un it's all one to me; un pour tous et tous pour un all for one and one for all.

( féminin une, pluriel masculin uns [œ̃], pluriel féminin unes [yn], pluriel des [de]) [œ̃, devant nm commençant par voyelle ou h muet œ̃n, yn ] déterminant (article indéfini)

1. [avec une valeur indéterminée] a, an (devant une voyelle)

un homme a appelé ce matin a man called this morning

il doit y avoir une erreur there must be a ou some mistake

un jour, ce sera permis one day ou someday, it will be allowed

il y a des enfants qui jouent dans la rue there are (some) children playing in the street

as-tu des livres à me prêter? do you have any books you can lend me?

2. [avec une valeur particularisante] a, an (devant une voyelle)

j'irai plutôt un mardi I'll go on a Tuesday instead

c'est avec un grand plaisir que... it's with great pleasure that...

tu es une idiote you're an idiot

elle a fait preuve d'une réelle gentillesse she showed real kindness

un grand voyage se prépare des mois à l'avance a ou any long journey needs months of preparation

3. [avec une valeur emphatique]

il est d'une bêtise/d'un drôle! he's so stupid/funny!

j'ai eu une frousse, mais une frousse! (familier) I was absolutely terrified!

il y avait une foule! there was such a crowd!

j'ai une de ces migraines! I've got a splitting headache!

j'ai attendu des heures! I waited for hours!

il travaille jusqu'à des trois heures du matin he works as late as three in the morning

il gagne des 2 000 ou 3 000 euros par mois he makes up to 2,000 or 3,000 euros a month

4. [avec un nom propre]

un M. Baloi vous demande au téléphone there's a Mr Baloi for you (on the phone)

tout le monde ne peut pas être un Rimbaud we can't all be Rimbauds

c'est une future Callas she will be another ou she's the next Callas

c'est un Apollon he's a real Adonis

[désignant une œuvre]

faire l'acquisition d'un Picasso/d'un Van Gogh to acquire a Picasso/a Van Gogh

————————

( féminin une, pluriel masculin uns [œ̃], pluriel féminin unes [yn], pluriel des [de]) [œ̃, devant nm commençant par voyelle ou h muet œ̃n, yn ] pronom indéfini

1. [dans un ensemble] one

[en corrélation avec 'de']

un des seuls one of the few

appelle-le un de ces jours give him a call one of these days

un des événements qui a le plus retenu mon attention one of the events that really grabbed my attention

[avec l'article défini]

c'est l'un des concerts les plus réussis de ma carrière it's one of the most successful concerts of my career

l'un de mes amis one of my friends, a friend of mine

l'un des deux one of the two

l'un de vous deux est de trop one of you is not needed

2. [en corrélation avec 'en'] one

on demanda un médecin, il y en avait un dans la salle they called for a doctor, there was one in the room

parmi les enfants, il y en a un qui... one of the children...

mais bien sûr que j'en ai une, de voiture! (familier) of course I've got a car!

3. (emploi nominal) [quelqu'un] one person, someone

j'en connais une qui va être surprise! I know someone who's going to get a surprise!

————————

( féminin une, pluriel masculin uns [œ̃], pluriel féminin unes [yn], pluriel des [de]) [œ̃, devant nm commençant par voyelle ou h muet œ̃n, yn ] déterminant (adjectif numéral)

1. one

les enfants de un à sept ans children (aged) from one to seven

une femme sur cinq one woman out of ou in five

il y a un problème, un seul there's just one problem

ils n'ont même pas marqué un (seul) but they didn't even score one ou a single goal

je ne resterai pas une minute de plus ici I won't stay here another minute

j'ai fait plus d'une erreur dans ma jeunesse I made many mistakes ou more than one mistake in my youth

une à une, les lumières s'éteignaient the lights were going out one by one ou one after the other

avale les cachets un par un swallow the tablets one by one ou one at a time

vingt et un ans twenty one years

deux heures une one minute past two

la cuisine ne fait qu'un avec le salon there is an open-plan kitchen cum living-room

il ne faisait qu'un avec sa monture horse and rider were as one

et d'un, et de deux! that's one, and another (one)!

2. [dans des séries] one

page un ou une page one

il est une heure it's one o'clock

le trente et un mars on March the thirty-first (UK), March thirty-first (US)

une, deux! une, deux! left, right! left, right!

et d'une (familier) firstly, first of all, for a start

————————

( féminin une, pluriel masculin uns [œ̃], pluriel féminin unes [yn], pluriel des [de]) [œ̃, devant nm commençant par voyelle ou h muet œ̃n, yn ] adjectif qualificatif

(soutenu)

Dieu est un God is one

un nom masculin invariable

donnez-moi deux chiffres entre un et dix give me two numbers between one and ten

tu fais mal tes un your ones don't look right

la clef du un est perdue the key for number one has been lost

on répète la dernière scène du un THÉÂTRE we're rehearsing the last scene of act one

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > un

9 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

10 por

prep.

1 because of (causa).

por mí no te preocupes don't worry about me

¿por qué? why?

¿por qué lo dijo? why did she say it?

¿por qué no vienes? why don't you come?

¿por? (informal) why?

se enfadó por tu comportamiento she got angry because of your behavior

lo hizo por amor he did it out of o for love

2 (in order) to.

lo hizo por complacerte he did it to please you

lo hice por ella I did it for her

3 by (medio, modo, agente).

por mensajero/fax/teléfono by courier/fax/telephone

estuvimos hablando por teléfono we were talking on the phone

por escrito in writing

lo cogieron por el brazo they took him by the arm

el récord fue batido por el atleta the record was broken by the athlete

4 through.

vamos por aquí/allí let's go this/that way

iba paseando por el bosque/la calle she was walking through the forest/along the street

pasar por la aduana to go through customs

5 for (a cambio de, en lugar de).

lo ha comprado por poco dinero she bought it for very little

cambió el coche por la moto he exchanged his car for a motorbike

él lo hará por mí he'll do it for me

6 per.

80 céntimos por unidad 80 cents each

mil unidades por semana a thousand units a o per week

uno por uno one by one

20 kms por hora 20 km an o per hour

7 for.

baja por tabaco go down to the shops for some cigarettes, go down to get some cigarettes

a por for

vino a por las entradas she came for the tickets

8 times, multiplied by.

* * *

por

► preposición

1 (gen) for

■ lo hice por ti I did it for you

■ lo compré por dos euros I bought it for two euros

2 (a través de) through, by

■ entra por la puerta trasera come in by the back door

■ pasamos por Valladolid we went through Valladolid

■ iremos por la autopista we'll go on the motorway

3 (calle, carretera) along, down, up

■ íbamos por la calle cuando... we were walking along the street when...

■ subí por la Calle Jovellanos I went up Jovellanos Street

4 (lugar aproximado) in, near, round

■ anda por el edificio he's somewhere in the building

■ está por la Plaza Mayor it's somewhere near the Plaza Mayor

■ está por aquí it's somewhere round here

5 (causa) because of

■ las plantas han muerto por el frío the plants have died because of the cold

■ suspendieron el concierto por la lluvia they cancelled the concert because of the rain

6 (tiempo) at, for

■ nos veremos por vacaciones I'll see you during the holidays

7 (medio) by

■ lo enviaré por avión I'll send it by air

■ está hablando por teléfono he's on the phone

■ llegó por correo it arrived by post

8 (autoría) by

■ fue escrito por Azorín it was written by Azorín

9 (distribución) per

■ cinco por ciento five per cent

■ tocamos a dieciocho euros por persona it works out at eighteen euros per person

■ iba a veinte kilómetros por hora it was going at twenty kilometres an hour

10 (tras) by

■ registraron la cárcel celda por celda they searched the prison cell by cell

■ les interrogó uno por uno he interrogated each one in turn

11 (con pasiva) by

■ fue comprado por la reina it was bought by the queen

12 (a favor de) for, in favour of, US in favor of

■ estoy por una amnistía general I'm in favour of a general amnesty

13 (en calidad de) as

■ la tomó por esposa he took her as his wife

14 (en lugar de) instead of, in the place of

■ ve tú por mi you go in my place

15 (multiplicado por) times, multiplied by

■ tres por cuatro, doce three fours are twelve, three times four is twelve

16 por adjective que no matter how adjective

■ por caro que sea, lo voy a comprar no matter how expensive it is I'm going to buy it

■ por viejo que parezca funciona even though it looks old, it still works

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

estar por + inf (a punto de) to be on the point of + - ing

estar por hacer to remain to be done, not to have been done yet

por aquí around here

por lo tanto therefore

por lo visto apparently

por más que + subjuntivo however much, no matter how much

por mucho que + subjuntivo however much, no matter how much

por mí as far as I am concerned

¿por qué? why?

por supuesto of course

por tanto therefore, so

* * *

prep.

1) for

2) during

3) by

4) through

5) along

6) around

7) per

8) from

9) because of

10) instead of

•

- ¿por qué?

- por si acaso

* * *

PREPOSICIÓN

1) [causa]

a) + sustantivo because of

tuvo que suspenderse por el mal tiempo — it had to be cancelled because of the weather

no se realizó por escasez de fondos — it didn't go ahead because of a shortage of funding

• nos encontramos por casualidad — we met by chance

• lo hago por gusto — I do it because I like to

• fue por necesidad — it was out of necessity

• por temor a — for fear of

no se lo dijo por temor a ofenderla — he didn't tell her for fear of offending her

b) + infin

no aprobó por no haber estudiado — he didn't pass because he hadn't studied

por venir tarde se perdió la mitad — because he arrived late he missed half of it

me castigaron por mentir — I was punished for lying

c) + adj

le expulsaron por revoltoso — they expelled him for being a troublemaker

lo dejó por imposible — he gave it up as (being) impossible

esto te pasa por tonto — this is what you get for being stupid

2) [objetivo]

a) + sustantivo for

trabajar por dinero — to work for money

daría lo que fuera por un poco de tranquilidad — I'd give anything for a bit of peace and quiet

brindemos por nuestro futuro — let's drink to our future

b) + infin

lo hizo por complacerle — he did it to please her

por no llegar tarde — so as not to arrive late, in order not to be late

hablar por hablar — to talk for the sake of talking

3) (=en favor, defensa de) for

lo hice por mis padres — I did it for my parents

hazlo por mí — do it for me, do it for my sake

luchar por la patria — to fight for one's country

4) [elección]

su amor por la pintura — his love of painting

está loca por ti — she's crazy about you

no sabía por cuál decidirme — I couldn't decide which to choose

5) [evidencia] judging by, judging from

por lo que dicen — judging by o from what they say

por la cara que pone no debe de gustarle — judging by o from his face I don't think he likes it

por las señas no piensa hacerlo — apparently he's not intending to do it, it doesn't seem like he's intending to do it

6) [medio]

por su propia mano — by his own hand

lo obtuve por un amigo — I got it through a friend

la conozco por mi hermano — I know her through my brother

• por correo — by post

• por mar — by sea

• hablar por señas — to use sign language

7) [agente] by

hecho por él — done by him

"dirigido por" — "directed by"

fueron apresados por la policía — they were captured by the police

8) [modo] by

me agarró por el brazo — he grabbed me by the arm

punto por punto — point by point

buscaron casa por casa — they searched house by house

están dispuestos por tamaños — they are arranged according to size o by size

• por orden alfabético — in alphabetical order

9) [lugar]

se va por ahí — it's that way

¿por dónde? — which way?

ir a Bilbao por Santander — to go to Bilbao via Santander

cruzar la frontera por Canfranc — to cross the border at Canfranc

pasar por Madrid — to go through Madrid

se asomaron por la ventana — they leaned out of the window

iban cantando por la calle — they were walking along the street singing

paseábamos por la playa — we were walking along the beach

por todas partes — everywhere

por todo el país — throughout the country

viajar por el mundo — to travel (around) the world

10) [aproximación]

busca por ahí — look over there

viven por esta zona — they live around here

por aquí cerca — near o around here

aquello ocurrió por abril — it happened around April

por la feria — round about o around carnival time

está por el norte — it's somewhere up north

11) [tiempo]

se levanta por la mañana temprano — she gets up early in the morning

por la mañana siempre tengo mucho trabajo — I always have a lot of work in o during the morning

no sale por la noche — he doesn't go out at night

12) [duración] for

será por poco tiempo — it won't be for long

se quedarán por 15 días — they will stay for a fortnight

13) [sustitución, intercambio] (=a cambio de) for; (=en lugar de) instead of

te doy este por aquel — I'll swap you this one for that one

le dieron uno nuevo por el viejo — they gave him a new one (in exchange) for the old one

lo vendí por 15 dólares — I sold it for 15 dollars

me dieron 13 francos por una libra — I got 13 francs to the pound

hoy doy yo la clase por él — today I'm giving the class for him o in his place

ha puesto B por V — he has put B instead of V

14) [representación]

hablo por todos — I speak on behalf of o for everyone

interceder por algn — to intercede on sb's behalf, intercede for sb

diputado por Madrid — a member of parliament for Madrid

vino por su jefe — he came instead of o in place of his boss

15) [distribución]

10 dólares por hora — 10 dollars an hour

80km por hora — 80km per o an hour

revoluciones por minuto — revolutions per minute

tres dólares por persona — three dollars each, three dollars per person

16) [en multiplicaciones]

cinco por tres, quince — five times three is fifteen, five threes are fifteen

mide 6 metros de alto por 4 de ancho — it is 6 metres high by 4 wide

17) (=en cuanto a)

por mí no hay inconveniente — that's fine as o so far as I'm concerned

por mí, que se vaya — as o so far as I'm concerned he can go, for all I care he can go

por mí, como si quieres pasar una semana sin comer — I don't care if you want to go for a week without eating

si por mi fuera, tú estarías trabajando — if it were o was down to me, you'd be working

18) (=como)

• tomar a algn por esposo/esposa — to take sb to be one's husband/wife

• le dan por muerto — they have given him up for dead

• le tienen por tonto — they think he's stupid

19) [concesión]
+ subjun
por (muy) difícil que sea — however hard it is o may be

por mucho que lo quisieran — however much they would like to, much as they would like to

por más que lo intente — no matter how o however hard I try, try as I might

20) [acción inacabada]
+ infin
quedan platos por lavar — there are still some dishes to do

aún me quedan tres páginas por traducir — I still have three pages left to translate

21) ir (a) por algo/algn (=en busca de) to go and get sth/sb

ha ido (a) por vino — she's gone to get some wine

voy por el médico — I'll go and fetch o get the doctor

voy a por él — [a buscarle] I'll go and get him; [a atacarle] I'm going to get him

solo van a por las pelas — * they're only in it for the money

¡a por ellos! — get them!

- ir a por todas

22) [en preguntas]
por qué why
¿por qué no vienes conmigo? — why don't you come with me?

no tengo por qué ir — there's no reason why I should go
¿por? * why (do you ask)?
* * *

preposición

Sentido I

1) ( en relaciones causales) because of

lo he puesto aquí por el gato — I've put it here because of the cat

por falta de dinero — because of o owing to lack of money

eso te pasa por crédulo — that's what you get for being (so) gullible

por naturaleza — by nature

por necesidad — out of necessity

tanto por su precio como por su calidad — both for its price and its quality

fue por eso que vine — that was why I came

si no fuera por mi hijo... — if it wasn't for my son...

fue elogiado por su actuación — he was praised for his performance

por + inf — for -ing

me pidió perdón por haberme mentido — he apologized for lying o for having lied to me

2) ( según)

por lo que he oído — from what I've heard

por lo que parece... — it seems o it would seem...

3) (en locs)

por qué — why

¿por qué no vienes conmigo? — why don't you come with me?

por si — in case; acaso, mosca II

4) ( en expresiones concesivas)

por más que me esfuerzo — however hard o no matter how hard I try

por (muy) fácil que sea — however easy o no matter how easy it is

5)

a) ( en expresiones de modo)

colócalos por orden de tamaño/altura — put them in order of size/height

por orden de altura — in order of height

por adelantado — in advance

por escrito — in writing

b) ( indicando el medio)

se lo comunicaron por teléfono — they told him over the phone

lo dijeron por la radio — they said it on the radio

por avión/barco/carretera — by air/sea/road

la conocí por la voz — I recognized her by her voice

me enteré por un amigo — I heard from o through a friend

lo intenté por todos los medios — I tried everything possible o every possible way

c) (Educ) from

es doctor honoris causa por Oxford — he has an honorary doctorate from Oxford

6)

a) ( en relaciones de proporción)

cobra $30 por clase — he charges $30 a o per class

120 kilómetros por hora — 120 kilometers an o per hour

lo venden por metro — they sell it by the meter

tú comes por tres — you eat enough for three people

había un hombre por cada dos mujeres — there was one man to every two women

tiene tres metros de largo por uno de ancho — it's three meters long by one meter wide

es bastante por hoy — it's enough for today

uno por uno — one by one; ciento II

b) ( en multiplicaciones)

tres por cuatro (son) doce — three times four is twelve, three fours are twelve

7)

a) (en relaciones de sustitución, intercambio, representación) for

su secretaria firmó por él — his secretary signed for him o on his behalf

yo puedo ir por ti — I can go for you o in your place

podrías pasar por inglesa — you could pass as English o for an Englishwoman

es senador por Sevilla — he's a senator for Seville

b) ( como)

por ejemplo — for example

¿acepta usted por esposa a Carmen? — do you take Carmen to be your (lawful wedded) wife?

8) ( introduciendo el agente) by

compuesto por Mozart — composed by Mozart

se vieron sorprendidos por una tormenta — they were caught in a sudden storm

Sentido II

9) (expresando finalidad, objetivo)

pelearse por algo — to fight over something

lo hace por el dinero — he does it for the money

te lo digo por tu bien — I'm telling you for your own good

no tengo por qué ir — there's no reason why I should go

por + inf: daría cualquier cosa por verla — I'd give anything to see her

no entré por no molestar — I didn't go in because I didn't want to disturb him

eso es hablar por hablar — that's talking for the sake of talking o for the sake of it

por que + subj ( here por que can also be written porque): estaba ansioso por que lo escucharan — he was eager for them to listen to him

lucharon por que se hiciera justicia — they fought for justice to be done

10) (indicando consideración, favor) for

por mí no lo hagas — don't do it just for me o for my sake

11) (indicando inclinación, elección)

su amor por la música — her love of music

demostró interés por el cuadro — he showed interest in the painting

no siento nada por él — I don't feel anything for him

opté por no ir — I chose not to go

votó por ella — he voted for her

12) ( en busca de)

salió/fue por or (Esp) a por pan — he went (out) for some bread, he went (out) to get some bread

13) ( en lo que respecta a)

por mí no hay inconveniente — I don't mind

por mí que haga lo que quiera — as far as I'm concerned, he can do what he likes

14) ( indicando una situación pendiente)

por + inf: tengo la casa por limpiar — I've got the house to clean

estos cambios aún están por hacer — these changes are yet to be made

eso está por ver! — we'll see about that!

15) (esp AmL)

estar por + inf — ( estar a punto de)

deben (de) estar por llegar — they should be arriving any minute

la leche está por hervir — the milk's about to boil

Sentido III

16) (indicando lugar de acceso, salida, trayectoria)

entró por la ventana — he came in through the window

no va a pasar por la puerta — it won't go through the door

sal por aquí — go out this way

se cayó por la escalera — he fell down the stairs

subieron por la ladera este — they went up by the east face

¿el 121 va por (la) Avenida Rosas? — does the 121 go along Rosas Avenue?

fuimos por el camino más largo — we took the longer route

¿por dónde has venido? — which way did you come?

¿puedes pasar por la tintorería? — could you call in at o drop by the drycleaner's?

17)

a) ( expresando lugar indeterminado)

está por ahí — he's over there somewhere

¿por dónde está or queda el hotel? — whereabouts is the hotel?

viven por mi barrio — they live around my area

¿qué tal te fue por Londres? — how did you get on in London?

por todos lados or por todas partes — everywhere

b) ( expresando lugar determinado)

corta por aquí — cut here

voy por la página 15 — I'm up to o I'm on page 15

empieza por el principio — start at the beginning

agárralo por el mango — hold it by the handle

c) ( indicando extensión)

por todo el país — throughout the (whole) country

viajamos por el norte de Francia — we travelled around o in the North of France

pasa un trapo por el piso — give the floor a quick wipe; ver tb afuera, adentro, dentro, fuera, encima, etc

Sentido IV

18) ( expresando tiempo aproximado)

por aquella época or por aquel entonces — at that time

sucedió allá por 1960 — it happened some time back around 1960

19) (Esp) ( indicando una ocasión) for

me lo regaló por mi cumpleaños — she gave it to me for my birthday

20) ( durante) for

por los siglos de los siglos — for ever and ever

por el momento or por ahora — for the time being o for now; ver tb mañana III, tarde II, noche

* * *

= across, along, around, because of, by, by, down, for the sake of, in connection with, in the gift of, on account of, on the grounds that/of, per, through, times, under, x, as a matter of, out of, through the agency of.

Ex. This arrangement may facilitate browsing across different kinds of materials.

Ex. This means that a large number of messages can be combined together along the same line, giving economies of scales.

Ex. I wouldn't expect you to be detailed in your report in terms of where the bookmible would stop around town and where you'd park it.

Ex. This makes him feel somehow defficient and all because of his difficulty in making sense out of words in print with which his troubles began.

Ex. A set of government publications could be filed alphabetically by the issuing bureau, and then by title of the particular series in numerical order.

Ex. Micrographic and computer technologies and their integration will become increasingly efficacious as agents for change with respect to the continued existence of the traditional 75 by 125 millimeter card.

Ex. Some users find the format of KWIC indexes unacceptable, they find alphabetical arrangement by keywords down the centre of a page, and wrapped-round titles awkward.

Ex. The advocates of ISBD originally argued that it was for the sake of the computer.

Ex. There is an index to the schedules, but this has been criticised in connection with the size of the entry vocabulary.

Ex. Its notability is seen to lie in the fact that it has significantly broken the stranglehold upon postgraduate studentships in the gift of the Science and Engineering Research Council.

Ex. Partly on account of the variety of bases for coverage there is significant overlap between the assortment of abstracting and indexing services.

Ex. AACR2 has been criticised on the grounds that it does not identify the cataloguing unit to which the rules refer.

Ex. Indexing can thus be achieved at a detailed level, with often many terms per document, with almost no indexing effort.

Ex. The contributions are input to the data base, then referred and any suggestion made by the referee are communicated through the data base to the editor.

Ex. 4 days times 30 cents per day = 120 cents.

Ex. One of the outcomes of entry under title has been the proliferation of serials titles.

Ex. Card catalogues or indexes comprise a set of cards often 5x3 inches (122x72 mm), with each entry on a separate card.

Ex. Most drivers stop at stop signs: Some do under duress -- there may be a policeman concealed in nearby bushes, others as a matter of prudence -- a fast car with the right of way can be injurious.

Ex. But these and other interested people collected this type of books out of a mixture of curiosity and sentiment.

Ex. This article argues that critical thinking, a long sought after goal in the US educational system, may be taught efficiently through the agency of library use instructions within the college environment.

----

* actuar por impulso = act on + impulse.

* aprendizaje por medio del ordenador = computer-based learning (CBL).

* aunque por otro lado = but otherwise.

* búsqueda por medio de menús = menu-assisted searching.

* coger por sorpresa = catch out.

* Día + por la tarde = late + Día.

* digamos por ejemplo = let us say.

* dominar por completo = sweep + the board.

* encontrar por casualidad = come across.

* encuadernación por encargo = bespoke binding.

* error por omisión = omission failure.

* estar por delante de = be ahead of.

* hecho por encargo = bespoke.

* introducir por primera vez = pioneer.

* leer por encima = browse.

* llamar por teléfono = call up.

* muy por encima de todo = over and above all.

* Nombre + por primera vez = Nombre + ever.

* ordenado por fecha = in date order.

* pasar por alto = bypass [by-pass], skip over, pass + Nombre/Pronombre + by.

* pongamos por ejemplo = let us say.

* por accidente = accidentally.

* por adelantado = advance, in advance (of), up-front [up front].

* por ahí = out there.

* por ahora = as of right now, as yet, at present, at the moment, at this point, for the present, for the time being, just yet, for now, at this time, as of now, at the present, by now, for the nonce.

* por ahora todo va bien = so far, so good.

* por alguna razón = for some reason, for whatever reason.

* por algún motivo = for whatever reason.

* por algún tiempo = for sometime.

* por allí = nearby [near-by].

* por amor al arte = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por analogía = by analogy.

* por anticipado = in advance (of).

* por antonomasia = quintessential, unique.

* por añadidura = in addition (to), on top of everything else.

* por aquel entonces = at the time, about that time, by this time.

* por aquí = around here, nearby [near-by], round here.

* por aquí y por allí = hanging about.

* por así decir = as it were.

* por boca de = by word of mouth.

* por bondad = out of the goodness of + Posesivo + heart.

* por buena dirección = a step in the right direction.

* por buen camino = a step in the right direction.

* por cabeza = per person.

* por cable = wireline, corded.

* por caminos apartados = off-road.

* por capas = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], layered, tiered.

* por casualidad = by chance, coincidentally, fortuitously, by accident, by happenstance, happen to + Infinitivo, chance to + Infinitivo, accidentally, by a fluke, by luck, by a stroke of (good) luck.

* por chiripa = by chance, by a fluke, by luck, by a stroke of (good) luck.

* por ciento = per cent [percent] (%).

* por cierto = coincidentally, incidentally, by the way, anecdotally, by the by(e), speaking of which.

* por coincidencia = by coincidence.

* por comodidad = for convenience, for the sake of + convenience.

* por completo = fully.

* por confirmar = to be announced, to be confirmed.

* por consideración a = out of respect for.

* por consideración a = out of consideration for.

* por consiguiente = consequently, then, thence, by implication, therefore.

* por contra = in contrast.

* por conveniencia = for convenience, for the sake of + convenience.

* por correo = by post, mailed.

* por cortesía de = courtesy of.

* por cualquier motivo = for whatever reason.

* por cualquier razón = for whatever reason.

* por cuanto que = because.

* por cuenta ajena = vicariously.

* por cuenta de uno = privately.

* por cuenta propia = freelance, self-employed, at + Posesivo + own expense.

* por cuenta y riesgo de Uno = at + Posesivo + peril.

* por curiosidad = out of curiosity.

* por debajo de = below, beneath, underneath.

* por debajo de + Cantidad = under + Cantidad.

* por debajo de cero = sub-zero, below-freezing.

* por debajo del 10 por ciento = single digit, single figure.

* por debajo de la media = sub-par, below-average.

* por debajo de las posibilidades = below + Posesivo + capabilities.

* por debajo de lo normal = below-normal.

* por debajo de lo óptimo = sub-optimal [suboptimal].

* por debajo del peso nomral = underweight.

* por décadas = ten-yearly.

* por decidir = to be decided.

* por decirlo así = so to speak, in a manner of speaking.

* por decirlo de alguna manera = so to speak.

* por decirlo de algún modo = in a manner of speaking, so to speak.

* por decisión propia = by choice.

* por defecto = by default, default.

* por deferencia a = in deference to.

* por definición = by definition.

* por delante = ahead.

* por delante de = ahead of.

* por delante de la competencia = ahead of the game.

* por delante y por detrás = front and back.

* por dentro = inwardly.

* por desgracia = unfortunately, sadly, unhappily, disappointingly.

* por despecho = spitefully, out of spite.

* ¡por dios! = in heaven's name, for God's sake, gosh.

* ¡por Dios! = for crying out loud!.

* por diversión = for sport, for fun, (just) for the hell of (doing) it, for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it.

* por divertirse = for kicks.

* por doquier = all around.

* por dos años = two-year.

* por ejemplo = e.g. (latín - exempli gratia), for example, for instance, say, to illustrate, for the sake of + argument.

* por (el) amor a = for the love of.

* ¡por el amor de Dios! = for crying out loud!.

* por el bien del saber = for knowledge's sake.

* por el contrario = by contrast, conversely, however, in contrast, instead, on the contrary, by way of contrast, to the contrary, quite the opposite, by comparison, contrariwise, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.

* por el cual = whereby, whereupon.

* por el detalle = for detail.

* por el día = by day, daytime [day-time], during the daytime, in the daytime, during daytime.

* por el día o por la noche = day or night.

* por el día y por la noche = day and night, night and day.

* por elección propia = by choice.

* por el gobierno = governmentally + Adjetivo.

* por el gobierno federal = federally.

* por el hecho de que = because of the fact that.

* por el hombre = humanly.

* por ello = on this basis, on that basis, accordingly.

* por el mero hecho de saber = for knowledge's sake.

* por el método de ensayo y error = by trial and error, trial and error.

* por el modo = by the way.

* por el momento = for the time being, momentarily, at the moment, for the nonce, for the present.

* por el placer de hacerlo = (just) for the fun of (doing) it.

* por el que se puede cobrar = chargeable.

* por el receptor = at the receiving end.

* por el sexo = gendered.

* por encargo = custom, bespoke.

* por encima = overhead, cursorily.

* por encima de = across, beyond, beyond all, over, over and above, beyond the range of, well over + Expresión Numérica, overarching, above.

* por encima de + Cantidad = in excess of + Cantidad.

* por encima de eso = beyond that.

* por encima del 10 por ciento = double digit, double figure.

* por encima de la media = above average.

* por encima de la tierra = aboveground.

* por encima de toda crítica = beyond reproach, above reproach.

* por encima de toda duda = beyond reproach, above reproach.

* por encima de toda razón = beyond reason.

* por encima de toda sospecha = above suspicion.

* por encima de todo = at all costs, at any cost, at any price.

* por ende = thereby, accordingly, therefore.

* por enfado = out of anger.

* por enojo = out of anger.

* por error = by mistake.

* por esa razón = thereby, for that reason.

* por escrito = in writing, in print, written.

* por eso = on that score, therefore.

* por eso que = hence.

* por esta razón = for this reason.

* por esta única razón = for this reason alone.

* por este motivo = for this reason.

* por esto = thus, accordingly, therefore.

* por etapas = staged.

* por excelencia = par excellence, quintessential, unique.

* por exceso = excessively, to excess.

* por explotar = untapped.

* por + Expresión Temporal = by the + Expresión Temporal.

* por extensión = by extension.

* por extenso = in full, at length.

* por falta de = for want of, for lack of.

* por fases = staged.

* por favor = please.

* por favor, responda = RSVP [R.S.V.P.].

* por fin = at length, at last, finally, at long last.

* por fin llegó la hora (de) = it's about time (that).

* por frustración = out of frustration.

* por fuera = outwardly, outwardly.

* por grupos = in batches.

* por gusto = for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por hora = hourly.

* por horas = on an hourly basis.

* por igual = alike, on an equitable basis, equally, in equal measure(s).

* por imitación = copycat.

* por incremento gradual = incremental.

* por incrementos graduales = incrementally.

* por individuo = per capita, per person.

* por iniciativa de = at the instigation of, under the auspices of.

* por instinto = instinctively.

* por interés = out of interest.

* por interés personal = self-interested.

* por investigar = unresearched.

* por invitación = invitational.

* por invitación de = at the invitation of.

* por la borda = overboard.

* por la cantidad de + Número = amounting to + Cantidad.

* por la forma = by the way.

* por la friolera de + Cantidad = to the tune of + Cantidad.

* por la fuerza = forcibly.

* por la mala fortuna = by ill fate.

* por la mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by ill fate.

* por la manera = by the way.

* por la mañana = in the morning.

* por la mañana y por la noche = morning and night.

* por la noche = overnight, at night, night-time, after dark, by night.

* por la posibilidad de = at the prospect of.

* por la presente = hereby.

* por las buenas o por las malas = by hook or by crook.

* por la sencilla razón = for no other reason.

* por las nubes = soaring.

* por la tarde = in the evening.

* por ley = mandated.

* por libre = freelance.

* por línea telefónica = over the telephone line.

* por lo general = on the whole, all in all, in general, generally, generally speaking, in the normal run of events, in the normal run of things.

* por lo pronto = for the time being.

* por lo que = so.

* por lo que concierne a = as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, so far as + Nombre + be concerned.

* por lo que concierne a Uno = on + Posesivo + side.

* por lo que dicen todos = by all accounts.

* por lo que es = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por lo que incumbe a Uno = on + Posesivo + side.

* ¡Por lo que más quieras! = for God's sake.

* por lo que se refiere a = moving on to.

* por lo que son = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por lo que yo sé = to the best of my knowledge.

* por los pelos = by the skin of + Posesivo + teeth, close call, close shave.

* por los siguientes motivos = on the following counts.

* por los suelos = in tatters.

* por lo tanto = consequently, ergo, so, then, thereby, therefore, thus, it follows that.

* por lo visto = apparently, apparently.

* por mala fortuna = unfortunately, unhappily, sadly.

* por mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by a stroke of bad luck, by ill fate.

* por mal camino = astray.

* por más que lo intento = for the life of me.

* por materias = subject-based, topically.

* por mecionar sólo unos cuantos = to mention only a few.

* por medio = out of.

* por medio de = by means of, by way of, in the form of, through, via, via the medium of, by dint of, through the agency of.

* por medio de isótopos = isotopically.

* por medio de otro(s) = by proxy.

* por medio de una agencia = on a bureau basis.

* por mencionar sólo algunos = to mention but a few of, to mention only a few.

* por mencionar sólo unos cuantos = to mention but a few of, to name only some.

* por mencionar sólo unos pocos = to name but a few.

* por mencionar unos pocos = just to name a few.

* por menús = menu-driven.

* por méritos = meritorious.

* por mes = per month.

* por miedo de = for fear of/that.

* por millones = in the millions, by the millions.

* por mor de = because of, out of consideration for, out of respect for.

* por motivo de = in the interest(s) of.

* por motivos de = for the sake of, on grounds.

* por motivos de + Nombre = for + Nombre's sake.

* por muchas razones = in many ways.

* por mucho que lo intento = for the life of me.

* por mucho tiempo = for long, for long periods of time.

* por muy + Adjetivo/Adverbio + Nombre + que + Subjuntivo = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio + Nombre + Verbo.

* por muy + Adjetivo/Adverbio + que sea = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio.

* por muy + Adjetivo + be = Adjetivo + though + Nombre + be.

* por muy difícil que parezca = difficult though it may seem, difficult as it may seem.

* por muy extraño que parezca = oddly enough, strangely enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, funnily enough, funnily.

* por muy increíble que parezca = incredible though it may seem, incredibly, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, although it may seem incredible.

* por muy mentira que parezca = incredibly, incredible though it may seem, strangely enough, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, although it may seem incredible.

* por muy raro que parezca = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.

* por nada = for nothing.

* por nada del mundo = for the life of me.

* por nada or casi nada = at little or no extra cost.

* por naturaleza = by nature, by definition, characteristically, natural-born, naturally, inherently.

* por necesidad = of necessity, out of necessity.

* por niveles = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], multilayer, layered, tiered.

* por no decir algo peor = to put it mildly.

* por no decir nada de = to say nothing of.

* por no decir nunca = if ever.

* por no decir otra cosa peor = to say the least.

* por nombrar (sólo) + Número = to name (only) + Número.

* por nombrar sólo unos cuantos = to name only some.

* por nombrar sólo unos pocos = to name but a few.

* por + Nombre = on a + Adjetivo + basis.

* por no mencionar = not to mention.

* por norma = as a rule.

* por + Número + cosas = on + Número + counts.

* por orden de = mandated.

* por orden del congreso = congressionally mandated.

* por orden de llegada = on a first come first served basis.

* por orden numérico = in numerical order.

* por otra parte = on the other hand, on the other side, on the flip side.

* por otro lado = alternatively, however, on the other hand, on the other side, for another thing, on the flip side, on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.

* por parejas = in pairs.

* por parte de = on the part of.

* por parte de uno = on + Posesivo + part.

* por pasar el rato = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por pereza = lazily.

* por + Período de Tiempo = for + Expresión Temporal.

* por persona = per person.

* por placer = for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por poco dinero = cheaply.

* por poco o nada = at little or no extra cost.

* por poderes = by proxy.

* por poner un ejemplo + Adjetivo = to take a + Adjetivo + example.

* por poner un ejemplo sobre + Nombre = to take + Nombre.

* por + Posesivo + cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.

* por + Posesivo + parte = for + Posesivo + part.

* por + Posesivo + propia cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.

* por + Posesivo + (propia) naturaleza = in + Posesivo + nature.

* por primera vez = first + Verbo, for the first time, for once.

* por principio = on principle.

* por principios = as a matter of principle.

* por probar nada se pierde = nothing ventured, nothing gained.

* por + Pronombre + mismo = all by + Reflexivo, by + Reflexivo.

* por propia iniciativa = self-directed.

* por pura curiosidad = just out of interest, (just) as a mater of interest.

* por pura diversión = for kicks.

* por puro entretenimiento = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por puro placer = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por qué = why.

* por razones + Adjetivo = for + Nombre + purposes.

* por razones de = for the sake of.

* por razones de seguridad = for security reasons, for safety reasons.

* por razones éticas = on moral grounds.

* por razones morales = on moral grounds.

* por razones personales = for personal reasons.

* por + Reflexivo + cuenta = for + Reflexivo.

* por rencor = out of spite.

* por respeto a = out of respect for, out of consideration for.

* por rumores = grapevine.

* por rutina = routinely.

* por sacos = by the sackful.

* por satélite = satellite-based.

* por segunda vez = a second time, the second time around, a second time around.

* por seguridad = for safety reasons.

* por semana = per week.

* por separado = at different times, in isolation, separately, singly.

* por ser + Adjetivo = as being + Adjetivo.

* por sexo = along gender lines.

* por si = in the chance that.

* por si acaso = in case of, on the off chance, just in case, on spec, for good measure.

* por si casualidad = in the chance that.

* por si era poco = for good measure.

* por si fuera poco = to boot, for good measure, to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.

* por si hace falta consultarlo en el futuro = for future reference.

* por si las moscas = just in case, on spec.

* por sí mismo = for its/their own sake, in itself, in + Posesivo + own right, itself, unto + Reflexivo, in and of + Reflexivo.

* por sí mismos = in themselves.

* por simple curiosidad = (just) as a mater of interest, just out of interest.

* por si sirve de algo = for what it's worth [FWIW].

* por sí solo = by itself, for its/their own sake, on its own, in and of + Reflexivo, in itself.

* por sí solos = by themselves, in themselves.

* por si + tener + suerte = on spec.

* por sorpresa = unawares.

* por su cuenta y riesgo = at + Posesivo + own risk.

* por suerte = luckily, fortunately, happily.

* por suerte o por desgracia = for better or (for) worse, by luck or misfortune.

* por su naturaleza = by + Posesivo + nature.

* por su papel = in its role.

* por su parte = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por su propia voluntad = of its own accord.

* por su propio derecho = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por supuesto = of course, surely, to be sure, certainly.

* ¡por supuesto que no! = heaven forbid, heaven forbid.

* por suscripción = subscriber + Nombre.

* por su volatilidad = mercurially.

* por su volubilidad = mercurially.

* por tanto = consequently, ergo, so, then, thereby, therefore, thus, it follows that.

* por teléfono = on the telephone, by tele(phone), over the phone, over the telephone.

* por temas = topically.

* por temor a = for fear of/that.

* por temor a represalias = under duress.

* por término medio = on average.

* por toda la ciudad = citywide [city-wide].

* por toda la Internet = Internet-wide.

* por toda la nación = nationwide [nation-wide].

* por toda la provincia = province-wide.

* por toda la vida = lifetime [life-time].

* por todas las instituciones oficiales = government-wide.

* por todas partes = all over the place, everywhere, widely, all around, far and wide.

* por toda una vida = lifetime [life-time].

* por todo = all over, throughout, all the way through.

* por todo el campus universitario = campus-wide [campuswide].

* por todo el continente = continent-wide.

* por todo el distrito = district-wide [districtwide].

* por todo el gobierno = government-wide.

* por todo el mundo = worldwide [world-wide], around the world, across the globe, around the globe, across the world, around the planet, the world over.

* por todo el planeta = across the planet, planet-wide.

* por todo el servicio = service-wide.

* por todo lo alto = grandly, on a grand scale.

* por todo + Lugar = up and down + Lugar.

* por todo + Nombre de Lugar = across + Nombre de Lugar.

* por todos conocido = well-known.

* por todos lados = left, right and centre, far and wide.

* por todos los medios = by all means.

* por todos sitios = everywhere.

* por triplicado = in triplicate.

* por trueque = in kind.

* por turnos = on a rotating basis, on a rota basis, on a rota system, on a rota.

* por última vez = for the last time, one last time.

* por último = finally, last, lastly, ultimately.

* por último pero no menos importante = last but not least.

* por una lado... por otro = at one end... at the other.

* por unanimidad = unanimously.

* por una parte = on the one hand, on the one side.

* por un gran margen = by a huge margin.

* por un gustazo, un trancazo = a kingdom for a kiss.

* por unidad = per unit.

* por un lado = for one, on the one hand, on the one side.

* por un lado entra + Nombre + y por otro sale + Nombre = in go + Nombre + at one end, and out come + Nombre + at the other.

* por un momento = for a moment.

* por uno mismo = on + Posesivo + own, for + Reflexivo.

* por unos momentos = for a few moments, for a short time.

* por uno solo = solo.

* por un período de tiempo limitado = on a short-term basis.

* por un tiempo = for a time.

* por un tiempo indefinido = for an indefinite time to come, for indefinite time.

* por valor de + Cantidad = amounting to + Cantidad.

* por varias razones = for a variety of reasons, for a number of reasons.

* por varios motivos = for a number of reasons.

* por venganza = out of spite.

* por voluntad propia = voluntarily.

* quedar por ver = remain + to be seen.

* tirar dinero y esfuerzo por la borda = be money and effort down the drain.

* transporte por tierra = land transport.

* utilizar por primera vez = pioneer.

* venta al por mayor = wholesaling.

* * *

preposición

Sentido I

1) ( en relaciones causales) because of

lo he puesto aquí por el gato — I've put it here because of the cat

por falta de dinero — because of o owing to lack of money

eso te pasa por crédulo — that's what you get for being (so) gullible

por naturaleza — by nature

por necesidad — out of necessity

tanto por su precio como por su calidad — both for its price and its quality

fue por eso que vine — that was why I came

si no fuera por mi hijo... — if it wasn't for my son...

fue elogiado por su actuación — he was praised for his performance

por + inf — for -ing

me pidió perdón por haberme mentido — he apologized for lying o for having lied to me

2) ( según)

por lo que he oído — from what I've heard

por lo que parece... — it seems o it would seem...

3) (en locs)

por qué — why

¿por qué no vienes conmigo? — why don't you come with me?

por si — in case; acaso, mosca II

4) ( en expresiones concesivas)

por más que me esfuerzo — however hard o no matter how hard I try

por (muy) fácil que sea — however easy o no matter how easy it is

5)

a) ( en expresiones de modo)

colócalos por orden de tamaño/altura — put them in order of size/height

por orden de altura — in order of height

por adelantado — in advance

por escrito — in writing

b) ( indicando el medio)

se lo comunicaron por teléfono — they told him over the phone

lo dijeron por la radio — they said it on the radio

por avión/barco/carretera — by air/sea/road

la conocí por la voz — I recognized her by her voice

me enteré por un amigo — I heard from o through a friend

lo intenté por todos los medios — I tried everything possible o every possible way

c) (Educ) from

es doctor honoris causa por Oxford — he has an honorary doctorate from Oxford

6)

a) ( en relaciones de proporción)

cobra $30 por clase — he charges $30 a o per class

120 kilómetros por hora — 120 kilometers an o per hour

lo venden por metro — they sell it by the meter

tú comes por tres — you eat enough for three people

había un hombre por cada dos mujeres — there was one man to every two women

tiene tres metros de largo por uno de ancho — it's three meters long by one meter wide

es bastante por hoy — it's enough for today

uno por uno — one by one; ciento II

b) ( en multiplicaciones)

tres por cuatro (son) doce — three times four is twelve, three fours are twelve

7)

a) (en relaciones de sustitución, intercambio, representación) for

su secretaria firmó por él — his secretary signed for him o on his behalf

yo puedo ir por ti — I can go for you o in your place

podrías pasar por inglesa — you could pass as English o for an Englishwoman

es senador por Sevilla — he's a senator for Seville

b) ( como)

por ejemplo — for example

¿acepta usted por esposa a Carmen? — do you take Carmen to be your (lawful wedded) wife?

8) ( introduciendo el agente) by

compuesto por Mozart — composed by Mozart

se vieron sorprendidos por una tormenta — they were caught in a sudden storm

Sentido II

9) (expresando finalidad, objetivo)

pelearse por algo — to fight over something

lo hace por el dinero — he does it for the money

te lo digo por tu bien — I'm telling you for your own good

no tengo por qué ir — there's no reason why I should go

por + inf: daría cualquier cosa por verla — I'd give anything to see her

no entré por no molestar — I didn't go in because I didn't want to disturb him

eso es hablar por hablar — that's talking for the sake of talking o for the sake of it

por que + subj ( here por que can also be written porque): estaba ansioso por que lo escucharan — he was eager for them to listen to him

lucharon por que se hiciera justicia — they fought for justice to be done

10) (indicando consideración, favor) for

por mí no lo hagas — don't do it just for me o for my sake

11) (indicando inclinación, elección)

su amor por la música — her love of music

demostró interés por el cuadro — he showed interest in the painting

no siento nada por él — I don't feel anything for him

opté por no ir — I chose not to go

votó por ella — he voted for her

12) ( en busca de)

salió/fue por or (Esp) a por pan — he went (out) for some bread, he went (out) to get some bread

13) ( en lo que respecta a)

por mí no hay inconveniente — I don't mind

por mí que haga lo que quiera — as far as I'm concerned, he can do what he likes

14) ( indicando una situación pendiente)

por + inf: tengo la casa por limpiar — I've got the house to clean

estos cambios aún están por hacer — these changes are yet to be made

eso está por ver! — we'll see about that!

15) (esp AmL)

estar por + inf — ( estar a punto de)

deben (de) estar por llegar — they should be arriving any minute

la leche está por hervir — the milk's about to boil

Sentido III

16) (indicando lugar de acceso, salida, trayectoria)

entró por la ventana — he came in through the window

no va a pasar por la puerta — it won't go through the door

sal por aquí — go out this way

se cayó por la escalera — he fell down the stairs

subieron por la ladera este — they went up by the east face

¿el 121 va por (la) Avenida Rosas? — does the 121 go along Rosas Avenue?

fuimos por el camino más largo — we took the longer route

¿por dónde has venido? — which way did you come?

¿puedes pasar por la tintorería? — could you call in at o drop by the drycleaner's?

17)

a) ( expresando lugar indeterminado)

está por ahí — he's over there somewhere

¿por dónde está or queda el hotel? — whereabouts is the hotel?

viven por mi barrio — they live around my area

¿qué tal te fue por Londres? — how did you get on in London?

por todos lados or por todas partes — everywhere

b) ( expresando lugar determinado)

corta por aquí — cut here

voy por la página 15 — I'm up to o I'm on page 15

empieza por el principio — start at the beginning

agárralo por el mango — hold it by the handle

c) ( indicando extensión)

por todo el país — throughout the (whole) country

viajamos por el norte de Francia — we travelled around o in the North of France

pasa un trapo por el piso — give the floor a quick wipe; ver tb afuera, adentro, dentro, fuera, encima, etc

Sentido IV

18) ( expresando tiempo aproximado)

por aquella época or por aquel entonces — at that time

sucedió allá por 1960 — it happened some time back around 1960

19) (Esp) ( indicando una ocasión) for

me lo regaló por mi cumpleaños — she gave it to me for my birthday

20) ( durante) for

por los siglos de los siglos — for ever and ever

por el momento or por ahora — for the time being o for now; ver tb mañana III, tarde II, noche

* * *

= across, along, around, because of, by, by, down, for the sake of, in connection with, in the gift of, on account of, on the grounds that/of, per, through, times, under, x, as a matter of, out of, through the agency of.

Ex: This arrangement may facilitate browsing across different kinds of materials.

Ex: This means that a large number of messages can be combined together along the same line, giving economies of scales.

Ex: I wouldn't expect you to be detailed in your report in terms of where the bookmible would stop around town and where you'd park it.

Ex: This makes him feel somehow defficient and all because of his difficulty in making sense out of words in print with which his troubles began.

Ex: A set of government publications could be filed alphabetically by the issuing bureau, and then by title of the particular series in numerical order.

Ex: Micrographic and computer technologies and their integration will become increasingly efficacious as agents for change with respect to the continued existence of the traditional 75 by 125 millimeter card.

Ex: Some users find the format of KWIC indexes unacceptable, they find alphabetical arrangement by keywords down the centre of a page, and wrapped-round titles awkward.

Ex: The advocates of ISBD originally argued that it was for the sake of the computer.

Ex: There is an index to the schedules, but this has been criticised in connection with the size of the entry vocabulary.

Ex: Its notability is seen to lie in the fact that it has significantly broken the stranglehold upon postgraduate studentships in the gift of the Science and Engineering Research Council.

Ex: Partly on account of the variety of bases for coverage there is significant overlap between the assortment of abstracting and indexing services.

Ex: AACR2 has been criticised on the grounds that it does not identify the cataloguing unit to which the rules refer.

Ex: Indexing can thus be achieved at a detailed level, with often many terms per document, with almost no indexing effort.

Ex: The contributions are input to the data base, then referred and any suggestion made by the referee are communicated through the data base to the editor.

Ex: 4 days times 30 cents per day = 120 cents.

Ex: One of the outcomes of entry under title has been the proliferation of serials titles.

Ex: Card catalogues or indexes comprise a set of cards often 5x3 inches (122x72 mm), with each entry on a separate card.

Ex: Most drivers stop at stop signs: Some do under duress -- there may be a policeman concealed in nearby bushes, others as a matter of prudence -- a fast car with the right of way can be injurious.

Ex: But these and other interested people collected this type of books out of a mixture of curiosity and sentiment.

Ex: This article argues that critical thinking, a long sought after goal in the US educational system, may be taught efficiently through the agency of library use instructions within the college environment.

* actuar por impulso = act on + impulse.

* aprendizaje por medio del ordenador = computer-based learning (CBL).

* aunque por otro lado = but otherwise.

* búsqueda por medio de menús = menu-assisted searching.

* coger por sorpresa = catch out.

* Día + por la tarde = late + Día.

* digamos por ejemplo = let us say.

* dominar por completo = sweep + the board.

* encontrar por casualidad = come across.

* encuadernación por encargo = bespoke binding.

* error por omisión = omission failure.

* estar por delante de = be ahead of.

* hecho por encargo = bespoke.

* introducir por primera vez = pioneer.

* leer por encima = browse.

* llamar por teléfono = call up.

* muy por encima de todo = over and above all.

* Nombre + por primera vez = Nombre + ever.

* ordenado por fecha = in date order.

* pasar por alto = bypass [by-pass], skip over, pass + Nombre/Pronombre + by.

* pongamos por ejemplo = let us say.

* por accidente = accidentally.

* por adelantado = advance, in advance (of), up-front [up front].

* por ahí = out there.

* por ahora = as of right now, as yet, at present, at the moment, at this point, for the present, for the time being, just yet, for now, at this time, as of now, at the present, by now, for the nonce.

* por ahora todo va bien = so far, so good.

* por alguna razón = for some reason, for whatever reason.

* por algún motivo = for whatever reason.

* por algún tiempo = for sometime.

* por allí = nearby [near-by].

* por amor al arte = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por analogía = by analogy.

* por anticipado = in advance (of).

* por antonomasia = quintessential, unique.

* por añadidura = in addition (to), on top of everything else.

* por aquel entonces = at the time, about that time, by this time.

* por aquí = around here, nearby [near-by], round here.

* por aquí y por allí = hanging about.

* por así decir = as it were.

* por boca de = by word of mouth.

* por bondad = out of the goodness of + Posesivo + heart.

* por buena dirección = a step in the right direction.

* por buen camino = a step in the right direction.

* por cabeza = per person.

* por cable = wireline, corded.

* por caminos apartados = off-road.

* por capas = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], layered, tiered.

* por casualidad = by chance, coincidentally, fortuitously, by accident, by happenstance, happen to + Infinitivo, chance to + Infinitivo, accidentally, by a fluke, by luck, by a stroke of (good) luck.

* por chiripa = by chance, by a fluke, by luck, by a stroke of (good) luck.

* por ciento = per cent [percent] (%).

* por cierto = coincidentally, incidentally, by the way, anecdotally, by the by(e), speaking of which.

* por coincidencia = by coincidence.

* por comodidad = for convenience, for the sake of + convenience.

* por completo = fully.

* por confirmar = to be announced, to be confirmed.

* por consideración a = out of respect for.

* por consideración a = out of consideration for.

* por consiguiente = consequently, then, thence, by implication, therefore.

* por contra = in contrast.

* por conveniencia = for convenience, for the sake of + convenience.

* por correo = by post, mailed.

* por cortesía de = courtesy of.

* por cualquier motivo = for whatever reason.

* por cualquier razón = for whatever reason.

* por cuanto que = because.

* por cuenta ajena = vicariously.

* por cuenta de uno = privately.

* por cuenta propia = freelance, self-employed, at + Posesivo + own expense.

* por cuenta y riesgo de Uno = at + Posesivo + peril.

* por curiosidad = out of curiosity.

* por debajo de = below, beneath, underneath.

* por debajo de + Cantidad = under + Cantidad.

* por debajo de cero = sub-zero, below-freezing.

* por debajo del 10 por ciento = single digit, single figure.

* por debajo de la media = sub-par, below-average.

* por debajo de las posibilidades = below + Posesivo + capabilities.

* por debajo de lo normal = below-normal.

* por debajo de lo óptimo = sub-optimal [suboptimal].

* por debajo del peso nomral = underweight.

* por décadas = ten-yearly.

* por decidir = to be decided.

* por decirlo así = so to speak, in a manner of speaking.

* por decirlo de alguna manera = so to speak.

* por decirlo de algún modo = in a manner of speaking, so to speak.

* por decisión propia = by choice.

* por defecto = by default, default.

* por deferencia a = in deference to.

* por definición = by definition.

* por delante = ahead.

* por delante de = ahead of.

* por delante de la competencia = ahead of the game.

* por delante y por detrás = front and back.

* por dentro = inwardly.

* por desgracia = unfortunately, sadly, unhappily, disappointingly.

* por despecho = spitefully, out of spite.

* ¡por dios! = in heaven's name, for God's sake, gosh.

* ¡por Dios! = for crying out loud!.

* por diversión = for sport, for fun, (just) for the hell of (doing) it, for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it.

* por divertirse = for kicks.

* por doquier = all around.

* por dos años = two-year.

* por ejemplo = e.g. (latín - exempli gratia), for example, for instance, say, to illustrate, for the sake of + argument.

* por (el) amor a = for the love of.

* ¡por el amor de Dios! = for crying out loud!.

* por el bien del saber = for knowledge's sake.

* por el contrario = by contrast, conversely, however, in contrast, instead, on the contrary, by way of contrast, to the contrary, quite the opposite, by comparison, contrariwise, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.

* por el cual = whereby, whereupon.

* por el detalle = for detail.

* por el día = by day, daytime [day-time], during the daytime, in the daytime, during daytime.

* por el día o por la noche = day or night.

* por el día y por la noche = day and night, night and day.

* por elección propia = by choice.

* por el gobierno = governmentally + Adjetivo.

* por el gobierno federal = federally.

* por el hecho de que = because of the fact that.

* por el hombre = humanly.

* por ello = on this basis, on that basis, accordingly.

* por el mero hecho de saber = for knowledge's sake.

* por el método de ensayo y error = by trial and error, trial and error.

* por el modo = by the way.

* por el momento = for the time being, momentarily, at the moment, for the nonce, for the present.

* por el placer de hacerlo = (just) for the fun of (doing) it.

* por el que se puede cobrar = chargeable.

* por el receptor = at the receiving end.

* por el sexo = gendered.

* por encargo = custom, bespoke.

* por encima = overhead, cursorily.

* por encima de = across, beyond, beyond all, over, over and above, beyond the range of, well over + Expresión Numérica, overarching, above.

* por encima de + Cantidad = in excess of + Cantidad.

* por encima de eso = beyond that.

* por encima del 10 por ciento = double digit, double figure.

* por encima de la media = above average.

* por encima de la tierra = aboveground.

* por encima de toda crítica = beyond reproach, above reproach.

* por encima de toda duda = beyond reproach, above reproach.

* por encima de toda razón = beyond reason.

* por encima de toda sospecha = above suspicion.

* por encima de todo = at all costs, at any cost, at any price.

* por ende = thereby, accordingly, therefore.

* por enfado = out of anger.

* por enojo = out of anger.

* por error = by mistake.

* por esa razón = thereby, for that reason.

* por escrito = in writing, in print, written.

* por eso = on that score, therefore.

* por eso que = hence.

* por esta razón = for this reason.

* por esta única razón = for this reason alone.

* por este motivo = for this reason.

* por esto = thus, accordingly, therefore.

* por etapas = staged.

* por excelencia = par excellence, quintessential, unique.

* por exceso = excessively, to excess.

* por explotar = untapped.

* por + Expresión Temporal = by the + Expresión Temporal.

* por extensión = by extension.

* por extenso = in full, at length.

* por falta de = for want of, for lack of.

* por fases = staged.

* por favor = please.

* por favor, responda = RSVP [R.S.V.P.].

* por fin = at length, at last, finally, at long last.

* por fin llegó la hora (de) = it's about time (that).

* por frustración = out of frustration.

* por fuera = outwardly, outwardly.

* por grupos = in batches.

* por gusto = for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por hora = hourly.

* por horas = on an hourly basis.

* por igual = alike, on an equitable basis, equally, in equal measure(s).

* por imitación = copycat.

* por incremento gradual = incremental.

* por incrementos graduales = incrementally.

* por individuo = per capita, per person.

* por iniciativa de = at the instigation of, under the auspices of.

* por instinto = instinctively.

* por interés = out of interest.

* por interés personal = self-interested.

* por investigar = unresearched.

* por invitación = invitational.

* por invitación de = at the invitation of.

* por la borda = overboard.

* por la cantidad de + Número = amounting to + Cantidad.

* por la forma = by the way.

* por la friolera de + Cantidad = to the tune of + Cantidad.

* por la fuerza = forcibly.

* por la mala fortuna = by ill fate.

* por la mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by ill fate.

* por la manera = by the way.

* por la mañana = in the morning.

* por la mañana y por la noche = morning and night.

* por la noche = overnight, at night, night-time, after dark, by night.

* por la posibilidad de = at the prospect of.

* por la presente = hereby.

* por las buenas o por las malas = by hook or by crook.

* por la sencilla razón = for no other reason.

* por las nubes = soaring.

* por la tarde = in the evening.

* por ley = mandated.

* por libre = freelance.

* por línea telefónica = over the telephone line.

* por lo general = on the whole, all in all, in general, generally, generally speaking, in the normal run of events, in the normal run of things.

* por lo pronto = for the time being.

* por lo que = so.

* por lo que concierne a = as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, so far as + Nombre + be concerned.

* por lo que concierne a Uno = on + Posesivo + side.

* por lo que dicen todos = by all accounts.

* por lo que es = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por lo que incumbe a Uno = on + Posesivo + side.

* ¡Por lo que más quieras! = for God's sake.

* por lo que se refiere a = moving on to.

* por lo que son = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por lo que yo sé = to the best of my knowledge.

* por los pelos = by the skin of + Posesivo + teeth, close call, close shave.

* por los siguientes motivos = on the following counts.

* por los suelos = in tatters.

* por lo tanto = consequently, ergo, so, then, thereby, therefore, thus, it follows that.

* por lo visto = apparently, apparently.

* por mala fortuna = unfortunately, unhappily, sadly.

* por mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by a stroke of bad luck, by ill fate.

* por mal camino = astray.

* por más que lo intento = for the life of me.

* por materias = subject-based, topically.

* por mecionar sólo unos cuantos = to mention only a few.

* por medio = out of.

* por medio de = by means of, by way of, in the form of, through, via, via the medium of, by dint of, through the agency of.

* por medio de isótopos = isotopically.

* por medio de otro(s) = by proxy.

* por medio de una agencia = on a bureau basis.

* por mencionar sólo algunos = to mention but a few of, to mention only a few.

* por mencionar sólo unos cuantos = to mention but a few of, to name only some.

* por mencionar sólo unos pocos = to name but a few.

* por mencionar unos pocos = just to name a few.

* por menús = menu-driven.

* por méritos = meritorious.

* por mes = per month.

* por miedo de = for fear of/that.

* por millones = in the millions, by the millions.

* por mor de = because of, out of consideration for, out of respect for.

* por motivo de = in the interest(s) of.

* por motivos de = for the sake of, on grounds.

* por motivos de + Nombre = for + Nombre's sake.

* por muchas razones = in many ways.

* por mucho que lo intento = for the life of me.

* por mucho tiempo = for long, for long periods of time.

* por muy + Adjetivo/Adverbio + Nombre + que + Subjuntivo = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio + Nombre + Verbo.

* por muy + Adjetivo/Adverbio + que sea = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio.

* por muy + Adjetivo + be = Adjetivo + though + Nombre + be.

* por muy difícil que parezca = difficult though it may seem, difficult as it may seem.

* por muy extraño que parezca = oddly enough, strangely enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, funnily enough, funnily.

* por muy increíble que parezca = incredible though it may seem, incredibly, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, although it may seem incredible.

* por muy mentira que parezca = incredibly, incredible though it may seem, strangely enough, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, although it may seem incredible.

* por muy raro que parezca = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.

* por nada = for nothing.

* por nada del mundo = for the life of me.

* por nada or casi nada = at little or no extra cost.

* por naturaleza = by nature, by definition, characteristically, natural-born, naturally, inherently.

* por necesidad = of necessity, out of necessity.

* por niveles = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], multilayer, layered, tiered.

* por no decir algo peor = to put it mildly.

* por no decir nada de = to say nothing of.

* por no decir nunca = if ever.

* por no decir otra cosa peor = to say the least.

* por nombrar (sólo) + Número = to name (only) + Número.

* por nombrar sólo unos cuantos = to name only some.

* por nombrar sólo unos pocos = to name but a few.

* por + Nombre = on a + Adjetivo + basis.

* por no mencionar = not to mention.

* por norma = as a rule.

* por + Número + cosas = on + Número + counts.

* por orden de = mandated.

* por orden del congreso = congressionally mandated.

* por orden de llegada = on a first come first served basis.

* por orden numérico = in numerical order.

* por otra parte = on the other hand, on the other side, on the flip side.

* por otro lado = alternatively, however, on the other hand, on the other side, for another thing, on the flip side, on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.

* por parejas = in pairs.

* por parte de = on the part of.

* por parte de uno = on + Posesivo + part.

* por pasar el rato = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por pereza = lazily.

* por + Período de Tiempo = for + Expresión Temporal.

* por persona = per person.

* por placer = for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por poco dinero = cheaply.

* por poco o nada = at little or no extra cost.

* por poderes = by proxy.

* por poner un ejemplo + Adjetivo = to take a + Adjetivo + example.

* por poner un ejemplo sobre + Nombre = to take + Nombre.

* por + Posesivo + cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.

* por + Posesivo + parte = for + Posesivo + part.

* por + Posesivo + propia cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.

* por + Posesivo + (propia) naturaleza = in + Posesivo + nature.

* por primera vez = first + Verbo, for the first time, for once.

* por principio = on principle.

* por principios = as a matter of principle.

* por probar nada se pierde = nothing ventured, nothing gained.

* por + Pronombre + mismo = all by + Reflexivo, by + Reflexivo.

* por propia iniciativa = self-directed.

* por pura curiosidad = just out of interest, (just) as a mater of interest.

* por pura diversión = for kicks.

* por puro entretenimiento = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por puro placer = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por qué = why.

* por razones + Adjetivo = for + Nombre + purposes.

* por razones de = for the sake of.

* por razones de seguridad = for security reasons, for safety reasons.

* por razones éticas = on moral grounds.

* por razones morales = on moral grounds.

* por razones personales = for personal reasons.

* por + Reflexivo + cuenta = for + Reflexivo.

* por rencor = out of spite.

* por respeto a = out of respect for, out of consideration for.

* por rumores = grapevine.

* por rutina = routinely.

* por sacos = by the sackful.

* por satélite = satellite-based.

* por segunda vez = a second time, the second time around, a second time around.

* por seguridad = for safety reasons.

* por semana = per week.

* por separado = at different times, in isolation, separately, singly.

* por ser + Adjetivo = as being + Adjetivo.

* por sexo = along gender lines.

* por si = in the chance that.

* por si acaso = in case of, on the off chance, just in case, on spec, for good measure.

* por si casualidad = in the chance that.

* por si era poco = for good measure.

* por si fuera poco = to boot, for good measure, to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.

* por si hace falta consultarlo en el futuro = for future reference.

* por si las moscas = just in case, on spec.

* por sí mismo = for its/their own sake, in itself, in + Posesivo + own right, itself, unto + Reflexivo, in and of + Reflexivo.

* por sí mismos = in themselves.

* por simple curiosidad = (just) as a mater of interest, just out of interest.

* por si sirve de algo = for what it's worth [FWIW].

* por sí solo = by itself, for its/their own sake, on its own, in and of + Reflexivo, in itself.

* por sí solos = by themselves, in themselves.

* por si + tener + suerte = on spec.

* por sorpresa = unawares.

* por su cuenta y riesgo = at + Posesivo + own risk.

* por suerte = luckily, fortunately, happily.

* por suerte o por desgracia = for better or (for) worse, by luck or misfortune.

* por su naturaleza = by + Posesivo + nature.

* por su papel = in its role.

* por su parte = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por su propia voluntad = of its own accord.

* por su propio derecho = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por supuesto = of course, surely, to be sure, certainly.

* ¡por supuesto que no! = heaven forbid, heaven forbid.

* por suscripción = subscriber + Nombre.

* por su volatilidad = mercurially.

* por su volubilidad = mercurially.

* por tanto = consequently, ergo, so, then, thereby, therefore, thus, it follows that.

* por teléfono = on the telephone, by tele(phone), over the phone, over the telephone.

* por temas = topically.

* por temor a = for fear of/that.

* por temor a represalias = under duress.

* por término medio = on average.

* por toda la ciudad = citywide [city-wide].

* por toda la Internet = Internet-wide.

* por toda la nación = nationwide [nation-wide].

* por toda la provincia = province-wide.

* por toda la vida = lifetime [life-time].

* por todas las instituciones oficiales = government-wide.

* por todas partes = all over the place, everywhere, widely, all around, far and wide.

* por toda una vida = lifetime [life-time].

* por todo = all over, throughout, all the way through.

* por todo el campus universitario = campus-wide [campuswide].

* por todo el continente = continent-wide.

* por todo el distrito = district-wide [districtwide].

* por todo el gobierno = government-wide.

* por todo el mundo = worldwide [world-wide], around the world, across the globe, around the globe, across the world, around the planet, the world over.

* por todo el planeta = across the planet, planet-wide.

* por todo el servicio = service-wide.

* por todo lo alto = grandly, on a grand scale.

* por todo + Lugar = up and down + Lugar.

* por todo + Nombre de Lugar = across + Nombre de Lugar.

* por todos conocido = well-known.

* por todos lados = left, right and centre, far and wide.

* por todos los medios = by all means.

* por todos sitios = everywhere.

* por triplicado = in triplicate.

* por trueque = in kind.

* por turnos = on a rotating basis, on a rota basis, on a rota system, on a rota.

* por última vez = for the last time, one last time.

* por último = finally, last, lastly, ultimately.

* por último pero no menos importante = last but not least.

* por una lado... por otro = at one end... at the other.

* por unanimidad = unanimously.

* por una parte = on the one hand, on the one side.

* por un gran margen = by a huge margin.

* por un gustazo, un trancazo = a kingdom for a kiss.

* por unidad = per unit.

* por un lado = for one, on the one hand, on the one side.

* por un lado entra + Nombre + y por otro sale + Nombre = in go + Nombre + at one end, and out come + Nombre + at the other.

* por un momento = for a moment.

* por uno mismo = on + Posesivo + own, for + Reflexivo.

* por unos momentos = for a few moments, for a short time.

* por uno solo = solo.

* por un período de tiempo limitado = on a short-term basis.

* por un tiempo = for a time.

* por un tiempo indefinido = for an indefinite time to come, for indefinite time.

* por valor de + Cantidad = amounting to + Cantidad.

* por varias razones = for a variety of reasons, for a number of reasons.

* por varios motivos = for a number of reasons.

* por venganza = out of spite.

* por voluntad propia = voluntarily.

* quedar por ver = remain + to be seen.

* tirar dinero y esfuerzo por la borda = be money and effort down the drain.

* transporte por tierra = land transport.

* utilizar por primera vez = pioneer.

* venta al por mayor = wholesaling.

* * *

por

GUIA DE BUSQUEDA

Sentido I

A en relaciones causales

B según

C ¿por qué?

D en locuciones

E en expresiones concesivas

F

1 en expresiones de modo

2 indicando el medio

3 Educación

G

1 en relaciones de proporción

2 en multiplicaciones

H

1 en relaciones de sustitución etc

2 por ejemplo

I como

Sentido II

A al expresar finalidad, objetivo

B indicando consideración, favor

C indicando inclinación, elección

D en busca de

E en lo que respecta a

F indicando una situación pendiente

G estar por

Sentido III

A indicando lugar de acceso, salida

B

expresando lugar indeterminado

C expresando lugar determinado

D indicando extensión

Sentido IV

A expresando tiempo aproximado

B indicando una ocasión

C durante

prep

Sentido I

A (en relaciones causales) because of

he puesto esto aquí por el gato I've put this here because of the cat

nunca se lo dijo por miedo a perderla he never told her out of fear of losing her o because he was afraid of losing her

eso te pasa por crédulo that's what you get for being (so) gullible

lo conseguimos por él we got it thanks to him

ella es así por naturaleza she's like that by nature

lo hace por necesidad he does it out of necessity

no se acabó por falta de dinero it wasn't finished for o because of o owing to lack of money

el final no por conocido me resulta menos triste knowing how it ends doesn't make it any less sad

por su alto contenido en proteínas because of o owing to its high protein content

tanto por su precio como por su practicidad both for its price and its practical design

fue por eso por lo que no te llamé or fue por eso que no te llamé that was the reason o that was why I didn't call you

precisamente por eso no dije nada that's precisely why I didn't say anything

la muerte se produjo por asfixia he suffocated, death was caused by suffocation ( frml)

éste serviría si no fuera por el color this one would do if it weren't for the color

fue elogiado por su excelente actuación he was praised for his excellent performance

por + INF for -ING

me pidió perdón por haberme mentido he apologized for lying o for having lied to me

eso

B (según) from

por lo que he oído from what I've heard

por lo que parece no va a volver it seems o it would seem he's not coming back

por mi experiencia diría que … from my experience, I would say that …

C ( fam):

¿por? why?

¿con quién vas? — con Daniel ¿por? who are you going with? — with Daniel, why? o why do you want to know?

D ( en locuciones):

por qué why

¿por qué lloras? why are you crying?

¿por qué no vienes a almorzar a casa? why don't you come to my house for lunch?

por si in case

llévate una muda, por si tuvieras que quedarte take a change of clothes (just) in case you have to stay

acaso, mosca² (↑ mosca (2))

E (en expresiones concesivas) por … QUE:

por más que me esfuerzo me sigue saliendo mal no matter how hard I try o however hard I try, I still can't get it right

(+ subj): por (muy) fácil que se lo pongan, no creo que lo sepa hacer however easy o no matter how easy they make it for him I don't think he'll be able to do it

F

1

(en expresiones de modo): clasifícalos por tamaño classify them according to size o by size

colóquense por orden de altura line up in order of height

por adelantado in advance

por escrito in writing

2

(indicando el medio): se lo comunicaron por teléfono they told him over the phone

lo dijeron por la radio they said it on the radio

lo mandaron por avión/barco they sent it by air/sea

por carretera by road

la conocí por la voz I recognized the o her voice, I recognized her by her voice

me enteré por un amigo I heard from o through a friend

conocido por el nombre de Pancho known as Pancho

lo intenté por todos los medios I tried everything possible o every possible way

3 ( Educación):

es doctor honoris causa por Oxford he has an honorary doctorate from Oxford

un graduado en ciencias políticas por la universidad de Granada a graduate in political science from the university of Granada

G

1

(en relaciones de proporción): cobra $30 por clase he charges $30 a o per class

120 kilómetros por hora 120 kilometers an o per hour

lo venden por metro they sell it by the meter

tú comes por tres you eat enough for three people

había un hombre por cada dos mujeres there was one man to every two women

tiene tres metros de largo por uno de ancho it's three meters long by one meter wide

ya hemos hecho bastante por hoy we've done enough for today

los hizo entrar uno por uno she made them come in one by one o one at a time

examinar un escrito punto por punto to go through a document point by point

ciento² (↑ ciento (2))

2 [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ]

(en multiplicaciones): tres por cuatro (son) doce three times four is twelve, three fours are twelve

H

1

(en relaciones de sustitución, intercambio, representación): su secretaria firmó por él his secretary signed for him o on his behalf

yo puedo ir por ti I can go for you o in your place

por toda respuesta se encogió de hombros all he did was shrug his shoulders

tú podrías pasar por inglesa you could pass as English o for an Englishwoman

te dan uno nuevo por dos viejos they give you one new one in exchange for two old ones

es senador por Canarias he's a senator for the Canary Islands

2

(como): por ejemplo for example

¿acepta usted por esposa a Carmen? do you take Carmen to be your (lawful wedded) wife?

I (introduciendo el agente) by

un lugar frecuentado por muchos famosos a place frequented by many famous people

se vieron sorprendidos por una tormenta they were caught in a sudden storm

la ocupación de la fábrica por (parte de) los obreros the occupation of the factory by the workers

ver tb parte² f B. (↑ parte (2))

Sentido II

A

(al expresar finalidad, objetivo): se estaban peleando por la pelota they were fighting over the ball

lo hace por el dinero he does it for the money

te lo digo por tu bien I'm telling you for your own good

por + INF:

daría cualquier cosa por verte contento I'd give anything to see you happy

no entré por no molestar I didn't go in so as not to disturb him o because I didn't want to disturb him

eso es hablar por hablar that's talking for the sake of talking o for the sake of it

por QUE + SUBJ here por que can also be written porque:

estaba ansioso por que lo escucharan he was eager for them to listen to him

recemos por que lleguen a un acuerdo let's pray that they'll come to an agreement

siguieron luchando por que se hiciera justicia they continued fighting for justice to be done

B

(indicando consideración, favor): haría cualquier cosa por ti I'd do anything for you

intercede por nosotros intercede for us

por mí no lo hagas don't do it just for me o for my sake

C

(indicando inclinación, elección): su amor por la música her love of music

demostró gran interés por el cuadro he showed great interest in the painting

no siento nada por él I don't feel anything for him

opté por no ir I chose not to go

votó por ella he voted for her

¿por la afirmativa? all those in favor?

se manifestaron por el derecho al aborto they demonstrated for the right to abortion

estar por algn ( fam); to be crazy about sb

D

(en busca de): salió/fue poror ( Esp) a por pan he went (out) for some bread, he went (out) to get some bread

E

(en lo que respecta a): por mí no hay inconveniente I don't mind

que haga lo que le dé la gana, por mí … let him do what he likes, as far as I'm concerned …

F (indicando una situación pendiente) por + INF:

tengo toda la casa por limpiar I've got the whole house to clean

estos cambios aún están por hacer these changes have still not been made o are yet to be made

ver² vt C 1. (↑ ver (2))

G

( AmL) estar por + INF (estar a punto de): deben de estar por llegar they should be arriving any minute

la leche está por hervir the milk's about to boil

Sentido III

A

(indicando lugar de acceso, salida, trayectoria): entró por la ventana he came in through the window

sal por aquí go out this way

el acceso al edificio es por la calle Lamas you enter the building from Lamas Street

el piano no va a pasar por la puerta the piano won't go through the door

se cayó por la escalera he fell down the stairs

subieron por la ladera este they went up by the east face

¿el 121 va por (la) Avenida Rosas? does the 121 go along Rosas Avenue?

fuimos por el camino más largo we took the longer route

no vayas por ahí que te vas a perder don't go that way, you'll get lost

¿por dónde has venido? which way did you come?

¿puedes pasar por la tintorería? could you call in at o drop by the drycleaner's?

B

(expresando lugar indeterminado): está por ahí he's over there somewhere

¿por dónde está or queda el restaurante? whereabouts is the restaurant?

viven por el sur/por mi barrio they live in the south somewhere/around my area

hace mucho que no lo vemos por aquí we haven't seen him around here for ages

¿qué tal te fue por Londres? how did you get on in London?

C

(expresando lugar determinado): corta por aquí cut here

voy por la página 15 I'm up to o I'm on page 15

empieza por el principio start at the beginning

agárralo por el mango hold it by the handle

D

(indicando extensión): lo he buscado por todos lados or por todas partes I've looked everywhere for it

la epidemia se extendió por todo el país the epidemic spread throughout the (whole) country

estuvimos viajando por el norte de Francia we were traveling around o in the North of France

fuimos a caminar por la playa we went for a walk along the beach

pasa un trapo por el piso give the floor a quick wipe

ver tb afuera, adentro, dentro, fuera¹ adv A 1. (↑ fuera (1)), encima, por etc

Sentido IV

A

(expresando tiempo aproximado): por aquella época at that time

por aquel entonces vivían en Pozuelo at that time they were living in Pozuelo

sucedió por allá por 1960 it happened some time back around 1960

B ( Esp) (indicando una ocasión) for

me lo regalaron por mi cumpleaños they gave it to me for my birthday

por Semana Santa pensamos ir a Londres we're thinking of going to London for Easter

C (durante) for

por los siglos de los siglos for ever and ever

no se lo confío ni por un minuto I wouldn't trust him with it for a minute

puede quedar así por el momento or por ahora it can stay like that for the time being o for now

ver tb mañana³ (↑ mañana (3)), tarde² (↑ tarde (2)), noche

* * *

por preposición
1 ( causa) because of;
◊ por falta de dinero because of o owing to lack of money;

por naturaleza by nature;
por necesidad out of necessity;
por eso no dije nada that's why I didn't say anything;
fue por eso que no te llamé that was why I didn't call you;
si no fuera por mi hijo … if it wasn't for my son …;
me pidió perdón por haberme mentido he apologized for lying o for having lied to me
2 ( en locs)
◊ por qué why;

no dijo por qué he didn't say why;
¿por qué no vienes conmigo? why don't you come with me?;
por si in case;
por si no entiende in case he doesn't understand;
See Also→ acaso 2, mosca
3 ( en expresiones concesivas):
◊ por más que me esfuerzo however hard o no matter how hard I try;

por (muy) fácil que sea however easy o no matter how easy it is
4
a) ( modo):

◊ colócalos por orden de tamaño put them in order of size;

por adelantado in advance;
por escrito in writing
b) ( medio):

◊ se lo comunicaron por teléfono they told him over the phone;

lo dijeron por la radio they said it on the radio;
por avión by air;
la conocí por la voz I recognized her by her voice;
me enteré por un amigo I heard from o through a friend
5
a) ( proporción):

◊ cobra $30 por clase he charges $30 a o per class;

120 kilómetros por hora 120 kilometers an o per hour;
por metro/docena by the meter/dozen;
tú comes por tres you eat enough for three people;
tiene tres metros de largo por uno de ancho it's three meters long by one meter wide;
uno por uno one by one;
See Also→ ciento sustantivo masculino b
b) ( en multiplicaciones):

◊ tres por cuatro (son) doce three times four is twelve, three fours are twelve

6
a) ( sustitución) for;

◊ su secretaria firmó por él his secretary signed for him o on his behalf;

pasa por inglesa she passes for an Englishwoman
b) ( como):

◊ por ejemplo for example

7 ( introduciendo el agente) by;
◊ compuesto por Mozart composed by Mozart

1 (finalidad, objetivo):
◊ pelearse por algo to fight over sth;

lo hace por el dinero he does it for the money;
no entré por no molestarlo I didn't go in because I didn't want to disturb him;
por que + subj (here por que can also be written porque): estaba ansioso por que lo escucharan he was eager for them to listen to him
2 (indicando inclinación, elección):
◊ su amor por la música her love of music;

no siento nada por él I don't feel anything for him;
votó por ella he voted for her
3 ( en busca de): salió/fue por or (Esp) a por pan he went (out) for some bread, he went (out) to get some bread
4 ( en lo que respecta a):
◊ por mí que haga lo que quiera as far as I'm concerned, he can do what he likes

5 (esp AmL) estar por + inf ( estar a punto de) to be about to + inf;
◊ está por terminar he's about to finish;

deben (de) estar por llegar they should be arriving any minute
1
a) ( lugar):

◊ entró por la ventana he came in through the window;

sal por aquí go out this way;
se cayó por la escalera he fell down the stairs;
¿el 121 va por (la) Avenida Rosas? does the 121 go along Rosas Avenue?;
¿por dónde has venido? which way did you come?;
está por ahí he's over there somewhere;
¿por dónde está el hotel? whereabouts is the hotel?;
viven por mi barrio they live around my area;
voy por la página 15 I'm up to o I'm on page 15;
empieza por el principio start at the beginning;
agárralo por el mango hold it by the handle
b) ( indicando extensión): por todos lados or por todas partes everywhere;

◊ viajamos por el norte de Francia we traveled around o in the North of France;

ver tb dentro, fuera, encima, etc
2 ( tiempo) for;
◊ por un mes for a month;

por el momento or por ahora for the time being, for now;
ver tb mañana, tarde, noche
3 (Esp) ( ocasión) for;
◊ me lo regaló por mi cumpleaños she gave it to me for my birthday

por preposición
1 (autoría) by: está escrito por mí, it was written by me
2 (camino, lugar) through: viajamos por Castilla, we travelled round Castilla
3 (medio) lo enviaron por avión, they sent it by plane
me enteré por el periódico, I read about it in the newspaper
4 (motivo, causa) because of
por tu culpa, because of you
(en favor de) for: hazlo por ellos, do it for their sake
por la libertad, for freedom
5 (en torno a) por San Juan, near Saint John's Day
6 (durante) por la mañana/noche, in the morning/at night
por el momento, for the time being
7 (a través) entramos por la puerta, we got in through the door
miramos por la ventana, we looked out (of) the window
pasamos por la ciudad, we went through the town
8 (sobre, por encima de) cruzaremos por el puente, we'll cross the bridge
9 (delante de) paso todos los días por tu casa, I go by your house every day
10 (a cambio de) for: te doy mi helado por tu yogur, I'll swap you my ice-cream for your yoghurt
11 (en una distribución, cálculo) por cabeza, a head, per person
mil pesetas por hora, a thousand pesetas per hour
dos mil revoluciones por minuto, two thousand revolutions per minute
12 (en una multiplicación) dos por dos, cuatro, two times two is four
un diez por ciento, ten per cent
13 (con infinitivo) in order to, so as to
trabajar por trabajar, to work for the sake of it
♦ Locuciones: por así decirlo, so to speak
por más/mucho que..., no matter how...
por qué, why
' por' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
A
- abogar
- abonar
- abonarse
- abotargada
- abotargado
- abuelo
- acabar
- acaso
- accidente
- acercarse
- acertar
- aclamación
- acomplejada
- acomplejado
- acomplejarse
- acoquinar
- acostumbrar
- actual
- adelantada
- adelantado
- adivinar
- admitir
- adoración
- aérea
- aéreo
- afanarse
- afectada I
- afectado
- afición
- agradecer
- aguantar
- ahí
- ahogada
- ahogado
- ahora
- ahorcarse
- ahorrar
- aire
- alegrarse
- algo
- allá
- allí
- almacén
- alquiler
- alta
- alto
- aludida
- aludido
- amarga
English:
A
- aback
- ablaze
- about
- above
- absence
- absorb
- accident
- accidentally
- acclaim
- accompany
- accord
- accordingly
- account
- accustom
- actual
- actually
- add to
- advocate
- after
- afternoon
- again
- against
- air
- airmail
- alert
- allowance
- alone
- alphabetically
- alternately
- amble
- amends
- amok
- angry
- annihilate
- annoy
- answer for
- answering service
- antipathy
- anxious
- anywhere
- apologetic
- apologize
- appal
- appall
- apparently
- appearance
- appease
- appointment
- appreciate

* * *

por prep

1. [indica causa] because of;

llegó tarde por el tráfico she was late because of the traffic;

lo hizo por amor he did it out of o for love;

me disculpé por llegar tarde I apologized for arriving late;

miré dentro por simple curiosidad I looked inside out of pure curiosity;

accidentes por conducción temeraria accidents caused by reckless driving;

muertes por enfermedades cardiovasculares deaths from cardiovascular disease;

no quise llamar por la hora (que era) I didn't want to call because of the time;

cerrado por vacaciones/reformas [en letrero] closed for holidays/alterations;

por mí no te preocupes don't worry about me;
Esp
fue por eso por lo que tuvimos tantos problemas, Am [m5] fue por eso que tuvimos tantos problemas that's why we had so many problems;

eso te pasa por (ser tan) generoso that's what you get for being so generous;

la razón por (la) que dimite the reason (why) she is resigning;

¿por qué? why?;

¿por qué no vienes? why don't you come?;

¿por qué lo preguntas? – por nada why do you ask? – no reason;
Fam
¿por? why?;

por si in case;

por si se te olvida in case you forget

2. [indica indicio]
por lo que me dices/lo que he oído no debe de ser tan difícil from what you say/what I've heard, it can't be that difficult;

por lo que tengo entendido, viven juntos as I understand it, they live together, my understanding is that they live together;

por lo visto, por lo que se ve apparently

3. [indica finalidad] (antes de infinitivo) (in order) to;

* * *

por

prp

1 motivo for, because of;

lo hace por mí he does it for me;

lo hizo por amor she did it out of o for love;

luchó por sus ideales he fought for his ideals;

por miedo a ofenderle for fear of upsetting her;

vino por verme he came to see me

2 medio by;

por avión by air;

por correo by mail, Br

tb by post

3 tiempo

:

por un año/un segundo for a year/a second;

por la mañana in the morning;

por Navidad around Christmas

4 movimiento

:

por la calle down the street;

por un tunel through a tunnel;

por aquí this way

5 posición aproximada around, about;

está por aquí it’s around here (somewhere);

vive por el centro de la ciudad she lives somewhere around the center of town

6 cambio

:

por cincuenta pesos for fifty pesos;

por cabeza each, a head

7 otros usos

:

por hora an o per hour;

dos por dos two times two;

¿por qué? why?;

el motivo por el cual o

por el que … the reason why …;

esa factura aún está por pagar that invoice still has to be paid;

tomar por esposa marry;

por difícil que sea however difficult it might be

* * *

por prep

1) : for, during

se quedaron allí por la semana: they stayed there during the week

por el momento: for now, at the moment

2) : around, during

por noviembre empieza a nevar: around November it starts to snow

por la mañana: in the morning

3) : around (a place)

debe estar por allí: it must be over there

por todas partes: everywhere

4) : by, through, along

por la puerta: through the door

pasé por tu casa: I stopped by your house

por la costa: along the coast

5) : for, for the sake of

lo hizo por su madre: he did it for his mother

¡por Dios!: for heaven's sake!

6) : because of, on account of

llegué tarde por el tráfico: I arrived late because of the traffic

dejar por imposible: to give up as impossible

7) : per

60 millas por hora: 60 miles per hour

por docena: by the dozen

8) : for, in exchange for, instead of

su hermana habló por él: his sister spoke on his behalf

9) : by means of

hablar por teléfono: to talk on the phone

por escrito: in writing

10) : as for

por mí: as far as I'm concerned

11) : times

tres por dos son seis: three times two is six

12) según: from, according to

por lo que dices: judging from what you're telling me

13) : as, for

por ejemplo: for example

14) : by

hecho por mi abuela: made by my grandmother

por correo: by mail

15) : for, in order to

lucha por ganar su respeto: he struggles to win her respect

16)

estar por : to be about to

17)

por ciento : percent

18)

por favor : please

19)

por lo tanto : therefore, consequently

20)

¿por qué? : why?

21)

por que porque

22)

por... que : no matter how

por mucho que intente: no matter how hard I try

23)

por si or

por si acaso : just in case

* * *

por prep

1. (a través de) through

entra por la puerta de la derecha go in through the door on the right

por el bosque through the wood

2. (la calle) along / down

iba por la calle I was walking down the street

3. (indica camino) via / by

fuimos por la carretera comarcal we went by the B road

4. (indica una parte concreta) by

sujeta la cacerola por el asa hold the saucepan by its handle

5. (indica el tiempo)

por la mañana in the morning

por Navidades at Christmas

por la noche at night

por unos días for a few days

6. (a causa de) because of

suspendieron el concierto por la lluvia the concert was cancelled because of the rain

7. (a fin de) to / in order to

por complacer al padre in order to please her father

8. (indica el autor) by

el cuadro fue pintado por Picasso the picture was painted by Picasso

9. (en favor o defensa de) for

haría cualquier cosa por su hijo she'd do anything for her son

es por tu propio bien it's for your own good

10. (multiplicado) times

cuatro por cuatro son dieciséis four times four is sixteen

11. (a cambio de) for

lo compré por cien pesetas I bought it for a hundred pesetas

te doy este libro por esos sellos I'll give you this book for those stamps

12. (en vez de) instead of

ya jugaré yo por Jaime I'll play instead of Jaime

13. (indica que una acción todavía no está hecha)

las camas están por hacer the beds still have to be made

ir por / ir a por to fetch

¡ve a por mis zapatillas, por favor! fetch my slippers, please!

por + adjetivo however + adjective

por barato que parezca however cheap it may seem

por mucho que te quejes however much you complain

por aquí (cerca) near here (indicando camino) this way

por ciento per cent

por correo by post

por fin at last

por la fuerza by force

por lo general generally / usually

por lo menos at least

por mí as far as I'm concerned

por si... in case...

por sorpresa by surprise

por supuesto of course

por tanto therefore

por teléfono on the telephone

¿por qué? why?

Spanish-English dictionary > por

11 في

في \ a; an; each; every: twice a day; 80 miles an hour. at: (showing where): at home; at the office, (showing a point of time) at midday; at 4 o’clock; He was married at 18, (after an adj) good at English; quick at sums. by: during: We travelled by night. in: showing where: In bed; in London; in the box; in his speech, showing condition In a hurry; in trouble, showing a direction; into He fell in the river. He put his hand in his pocket, showing when; during In the past; in January 1980; in the evening, showing what sth. contains or includes There are 60 minutes in an hour. Is he in your team?, showing what sb. wears He was in his best suit, showing a shape or arrangement They stood in a row, showing employment or activity or an event He’s in the navy. She was killed in the accident. on: showing when: on Monday; on May the 6th. showing the state of sb.:: Are you here on business or on holiday?. per: for each: He earns $8000 per annum (for each year). \ في (أيّ مَكَان)‏ \ anywhere: in or to any place: Are you going anywhere?. \ See Also إلى( إلى)‏ \ في \ home: to or at one’s house: Go home! Is your son home yet?. \ See Also إلى البيت \ في \ inside: on (or to) the inside. \ See Also إلى الداخل \ في \ inland: away from the sea: We crossed the coast and flew inland. \ See Also إلى داخل البلاد \ في \ indoors: into (or in) a building: He went (or He stayed) indoors because of the rain. \ See Also إلى داخل البيت \ في \ on board: on (or onto) a ship or aeroplane: There are 70 men on board. Can I go on board the aircraft?. \ See Also إلى دَاخِل الطَّائِرَة \ في \ upstairs: on, at or to a higher floor; up the stairs; at the top of the stairs: She went upstairs because her room is upstairs. She has an upstairs bedroom. \ See Also إلى الدَّور الأَعْلى \ في \ low: to or in a low position: The sun had sunk low in the sky. \ See Also إلى وَضْع مُنْخفِض \ في \ whereabouts: in or near which place: Whereabouts did you find this ring?. \ See Also قرب أيّ مكان؟ \ في \ upstream: against the flow of the stream; up the river: They rowed (the boat) upstream. \ See Also نَحْوَ أعلى النَّهر \ في الاتجاه المعاكس \ backward(s): towards the back: He fell over backwards. \ في أَثَر \ after: following, in search of: I ran after him but could not catch him. The police are after him. \ في أثناء الخِدْمَة (خارج أوقات الخِدمة)‏ \ on duty, (off duty): at work (not at work): The night nurse has 12 hours on duty, then 12 hours off duty. She went on duty at 18.00 and came off duty at 06.00. \ في أثناء ذلك \ meanwhile, meantime: (in) the time between: You’ll have to wait till he’s ready; but you can read this (in the) meanwhile. \ في إجازة \ off: free from work: My employer gave me the afternoon off. \ See Also عطلة (عُطْلَة)‏ \ في أَحْسَن الأَحْوَال \ at best: in the most hopeful conditions: At best, we can’t be ready till Tuesday. \ في آخر \ eventually: in the end: The car kept stopping, but we got home eventually. ultimately: in the end: We must all, ultimately, die. \ See Also نهاية الأمر \ في آخر رَمَق \ on one’s last legs: (of a person or thing) not expected to last much longer; worn out; almost in ruins: That company is on its last legs. \ في آخر لحظة \ in the nick of time: just in time; almost too late: She saved him in the nick of time from falling over the cliff. \ في أَرْجَاء \ about: from place to place in: We wandered about the town. round: (also around) from place to place: He wandered (a)round (the town). We travelled (a)round (the country). \ في أَسْفَل \ under: (also underneath), in a lower position. underneath: (of position) below: It was hidden underneath the floor boards. \ See Also الأسفل (الأَسْفَل)‏ \ في الأَصْل \ originally: in the beginning: This school was originally a rich man’s home. \ في الأَعْلَى \ up: in or to higher position: She lives up in the hills. \ في أغلب الظَّنّ \ doubtless: probably: It will doubtless rain on the day of the garden party. \ في أَفْضَل حَالَة \ at one’s best: in one’s best state: My garden is at its best in spring. \ في أقلّ مِن \ within: in less than: He will arrive within an hour. I live within a mile of the sea. \ في الأمام \ in front: at the front: You go in front and I’ll follow. \ في أَوَاخِر \ late: near the end of a period of time: Late in the year; in the late afternoon. \ في الأوْج \ in full swing: (of an activity) at its highest point; very busy: The party was in full swing when I arrived. \ في أوجِ الإزْهَار \ in bloom: flowering: The roses are in bloom now. \ في أيّ مَكَان \ anywhere: in no matter what place: Put it down anywhere. \ في أيّ وقت \ ever: (esp. in a negative sentence or a question) at any time: Nobody ever writes to me. Have you ever been to Rome? If you ever go there, you must see St. Peter’s cathedral. \ في أيّ وقت مَضَى \ ever: (in a comparative sentence) at any time: He’s working harder than ever. This is the best book I’ve ever read. \ في بادئ الأمر \ at first: at the beginning: At first the new school seemed strange, but then we got used to it. \ في البَدْء \ primarily: mainly; in the first place: This book is written primarily for foreigners. \ See Also أصلا (أَصْلاً)، أساسا (أساسًا)‏ \ في بعض الوقت \ part-time: for only part of the usual working time: She’s a part-time teacher. \ في البيت \ at home: in one’s house: He’s at home in the evenings. \ في البيت المُجَاوِر \ next, next door: in the next house: He lives next door. He is my nextdoor neighbour. \ في تَحَسُّن (من النّاحية الصحّية)‏ \ on the mend: getting better in health (after an illness). \ في تِلْكَ الحالةِ \ in that case: if that happens, or has happened: He may be late. In that case, we shall go without him, if that happens, or has happened He may be late. In that case, we shall go without him. \ في تِلْكَ اللَّحظة \ just: (with continuous tenses; always directly before the present participle) at this moment; at that moment: We’re just starting dinner. We were just starting dinner when he arrived. \ في التَّوّ \ straight away: at once. \ في جانب \ in favour of: supporting: I’m in favour of your plans. \ في الجَانِب الآخَر مِن \ across: on the other side of: My home is across the river. \ في جانب \ for: in favour of: Are you for this idea or against it?. \ See Also صف (صَفّ)‏ \ في جزء أدنى مِن \ down: at a lower level: My house is a little way down the hill. \ في الجِوَار \ about: around; near: There’s a lot of illness about. I went out early, when no one was about (when no one else was out). \ في الحَال \ at once: without delay: Stop that at once!. away: right away; straight away. immediately: at once. instantly: at once. on the spot: in that place and at that moment: He gave me the bill and I paid it on the spot. readily: without delay: The book you need is not readily obtainable. straight away: at once. \ في حَالَةِ \ at: (showing a state): at war; at play. on: showing the state of sth.: The house is on fire. \ في حَالَة حَسَنَة \ well, (better, best): the opposite of ill and unwell; in good health: Don’t you feel well? You’ll soon get better if you drink this medicine. How are you? Very well, thank you. I feel best in the early morning (better than at any other time). \ في حَالَة سَيِّئَة \ in a bad way: in a bad state. \ في حَالَة عَدَم توفُّر \ failing: giving a second choice of action, if the first choice fails: Ask John to do it. Failing him, ask Michael. \ في حَالَة فَوْضَى \ chaotic: in a state of chaos: The young teacher had a chaotic classroom. \ في حَالَةِ وُجُود \ in case of: in the event of; if there is: In case of fire, ring the bell. \ في حَالَةِ ما إِذَا \ in case: because of the possibility of sth. happening: Take a stick, in case you meet a snake. \ في حركة دائِمة \ on the move: moving; travelling: He’s always on the move and never settles for long. \ في الحَقِيقَة \ as a matter of fact, in fact: really; in truth: The dog seemed dead but in fact it was only asleep. As a matter of fact, I don’t like Michael. in point of fact: actually, in fact. in reality: in fact. really: truly; in fact: Is he really your son? He does not look like you!. \ في حَيْرَة من أَمْره \ at one’s wits’ end: too worried by difficulties to know what to do. \ في حين \ whereas: but: They are looking for a house, whereas we would rather live in a flat. \ في حينه \ round: following a regular course: Wait till your turn comes round. \ في الخَارِج \ abroad: in or to another country: I spent my holiday abroad. out: in (or into) the open; away from shelter; in (or into) view: Don’t stand out in the rain. The ship was far out at sea. out of door, outdoors: in the open air; not in a house: I like sleeping out of doors under the stars. outside: not within; in the open air; on the outer side: It’s raining outside. The cup is blue outside, and white inside. overseas: across the sea; (to the British, the mainland of Europe is abroad but it is not overseas): She is working overseas, in South America. \ في خِدمَة... \ at one’s service: ready to fulfil one’s needs: The hotel car is at your service if you want to go anywhere. \ في خَريف العُمر \ middle-aged: neither young nor old; aged between about 40 and 65. \ في خطٍّ مُستقيم \ as the crow flies: in a straight line: It is 5 miles away by road, but only 2 miles as the crow flies. \ فِي الخَفَاء \ stealth: by stealth using secret and quiet action: He got into the house by stealth, not by force. \ في خِلال \ in: showing a space of time before sth. will happen; after: I’ll come in a few days (or in a minute). in the course of: during: In the course of the morning I had seven visitors. \ في الدّاخل \ in: in a building, esp. at home, work or where one is expected to be: Is anyone in? I’m afraid Mr. Jones is out, but he’ll be in at 5 o’clock. \ في داخِل \ in: showing a direction; into: He fell in the river. He put his hand in his pocket. inside: on (or to) the inside of: Please wait inside the room. \ في داخِل النَّفْس \ inwardly: secretly; as regards one’s inner feelings: I was inwardly delighted, but I pretended not to care. \ في دَرَجَة الغَلَيان \ on the boil: boiling; at this heat. \ في ذلك المكان \ there: at that place: I live there. \ في رأيي \ to my mind: in my opinion: To my mind, this is most dishonest. \ في سَبِيل \ in the process of: to be doing: I am in the process of painting my house. sake, for the sake, of, for sb.’s sake: for the good of; so as to help: Soldiers die for the sake of their county (or for their country’s sake). Don’t take any risks for my sake, for the desire of Why ruin your health for the sake of a little pleasure?. \ في سِنّ المُرَاهَقَة \ teenage: in one’s teens: a teenage girl. \ في شكّ \ in doubt: uncertain: When in doubt, ask your father. \ في صحَّة جيِّدة \ fit: healthy: We take exercise so as to keep fit. \ في صَفّ \ in single file: in one line, one behind the other: We had to ride in single file down the narrow path. \ في الطّابِق الأَسْفل \ downstairs: at the bottom of the stairs; in a room at that level: I’ll wait for you downstairs. \ في الطّابِق الفوقانيّ \ overhead: above one’s head: a noise in the room overhead; clouds in the sky overhead. \ في طَرَف \ up: along (up and down are both used like this, although the course may be quite level): He lives just up the road. \ في طريق النُّور \ in sb.’s light: preventing light from reaching him: I can’t read if you stand in my light. \ في الظّاهر \ outwardly: as regards the appearance (compared with the hidden facts or inner feelings): She was outwardly calm but inwardly full of anger. \ في العَام \ annual: happening every year; of a year: an annual feast; the annual production of oil. \ في عَجلة من أمره \ in a hurry: Ants are always in a hurry. \ في العَرَاء \ in the open: outside in the air: I like to sleep out in the open, under she stars. outdoors, out of doors: the open air; not in a building: Go outdoors and play football. \ في (عُرض) البَحْر \ at sea: on the sea; far from land: a storm at sea. \ في عُطلة \ on holiday, on vacation: having a holiday: The schools are on holiday. We’re going on vacation to the sea. \ See Also إجازة( إجازة)‏ \ في غابر الأزمان (كان يا ما كان...)‏ \ once upon a time: (used at the beginning of stories). \ في الغَالِب \ mainly: chiefly; mostly. \ في غالِب الظنّ \ probably: almost certainly; with little doubt: You’re probably right. \ في غاية الجُنون \ raving mad: noisily and violently mad. \ في غَمْضَة عَيْن \ in no time: very quickly; very soon: If you follow this path, you’ll get there in no time. \ في غِيَابِه \ behind sb.’s back: when someone is not present: He tells untrue stories about me behind my back. \ في كُلٍّ \ a; an; each; every: twice a day. 80 miles an hour. ten pence a packet. \ في كل مكان \ everywhere: in all places: I’ve looked for it everywhere. \ في كل وقت \ ever: at all times; always: I shall stay there for ever. \ في لحظة خاطفة \ in a flash: very quickly and suddenly: He seized the money and was gone in a flash. \ في اللحظة المناسبة \ in the nick of time: just in time; almost too late: She saved him in the nick of time from falling over the cliff. \ في اللَّيْل \ at night: during the night. overnight: for the night: I shall stay at a hotel overnight and come back tomorrow, on the night before; during the night I packed my suitcase overnight, so as to be ready to leave at sunrise. His car was stolen overnight. \ في المائَة \ per cent: for, out, of, each hundred: Six per cent of the boys failed the exam, (one part) of each hundred I’m a 100 per cent in agreement with you. About 70 per cent (written as 70%) of the people are farmers. \ في المُتَنَاوَل \ forthcoming: supplied when needed: We wanted a new school clock, but the money was not forthcoming. \ في مُتَناوَل \ within: inside; not beyond; within reach; within one’s powers. \ في متناول اليَد \ at hand: near; within reach: Help was at hand. handy: near; easily reached when wanted: Keep that book handy so that you can look at it often. \ في مَجْمُوعَة بين \ among(st): in the middle of; mixed with; surrounded by: I found this letter among my books. There is a secret enemy amongst us. \ في مِحْنة خَطَر \ in distress: (of a ship or aeroplane) in dangerous trouble; needing help. \ في المُدّة الأخيرة \ lately: not long ago; in the near past: Have you seen her lately?. \ في المرَّة التالية \ next: the next time: I’ll give it to you when I next see you. \ See Also القادمة \ في مُقَابِل \ for: showing that something is as a return or in place of: I gave him $5 for his help. Will you change this old car for a new one?. in return (for): in exchange or payment for: Give her some flowers in return for her kindness. \ في المقام الأوّل \ firstly: as the first reason, fact, etc: I need a hot drink. Firstly, because I’m cold; secondly, because I’m thirsty. \ في المقدمة \ in front: at the front: You go in front and I’ll follow. \ في مَكَان \ in sb,’s stead: in sb.’s place; instead of sb.. \ See Also بدلا من (بدلاً من)‏ \ في مَكَان آخَر \ elsewhere: in some other place. \ في المَكَان \ in position: in the correct position. \ See Also المَوضِع الصَّحيح \ في مَكَان قَريب \ by: near: He stood by and watched them. \ في مَكَانٍ ما \ somewhere: in or to some place (but usu. anywhere in negative sentences and questions): I’ve met him somewhere before. Let’s go somewhere peaceful (to some peaceful place). \ في المكان والزّمان المذكورين \ on the spot: in that place and at that moment: Fortunately a doctor was on the spot when she broke her leg. \ في مكانه \ belong: to be in the right place: This book belongs on the top shelf. \ See Also موضِعِه المناسب \ في مَلْعَبِه \ at home: (of a match) on one’s own field: Our team are playing at home tomorrow. \ في مُنْتَصَف الطَّريق \ midway: halfway; in the middle: The station is midway between the two villages. \ في مَوعِد لاَ يَتَجَاوَز \ by: before; not later than: Can you finish this by Tuesday? They ought to be here by now. \ في المَوْعِد المحدَّد \ on time: exactly at the appointed moment: The bus always leaves on time. \ في مياه أعمق من قَامَته \ out of one’s depth: in water that is too deep to stand up in: Don’t go out of your depth unless you can swim. \ في النّادِر \ rarely: not often; hardly at all: She rarely smokes. \ في نظر \ in the eyes of: in the opinion of: In his mother’s eyes he can do no wrong. \ في نَظَري \ to my mind: in my opinion: To my mind, this is most dishonest. \ في النّهايَة \ at last: in the end, after much delay: The train was very slow, but we got there at last. at length: at last; in the end: He waited two hours. At length he went home. finally: lastly; in the end. \ في نِهايَة الأمْر \ in the long run: after a period of time; in the end: It’ll be cheaper in the long run to buy good quality shoes. \ See Also عَلَى المدى الطويل \ في هذا الوقت \ now: (in a written account) at the time that is being described: The war was now over. \ في هَذا المَكَان \ about: here: Is anyone about?. \ في هذه الأَثْنَاء \ meanwhile, meantime: (in) the time between: You’ll have to wait till he’s ready; but you can read this (in the) meanwhile. \ في هذه الأَيَّام \ nowadays: in these times (compared with the past): Travel is much easier nowadays. today: the present time: the scientists of today. \ في هذه الحالة \ all right: (also alright), in that case: You don’t want it? All right, I’ll give it to someone else. \ في هذه اللَّحْظَة \ just: (with continuous tenses; always directly before the present participle) at this moment; at that moment: We’re just starting dinner. We were just starting dinner when he arrived. just now: at this moment: I’m busy just now. \ في الهواء الطَّلْق \ in the open: outside in the air: I like to sleep out in the open, under the stars. out of doors, outdoors: in the open air; not in a house: I like sleeping out of doors under the stars. outdoors, out of doors: the open air; not in a building: Go outdoors and play football. \ في الوَاقِع \ in reality: in fact. \ في الوَاقِع \ actually: in fact; really: She looks about thirty, but actually she’s thirty-nine. as a matter of fact, in fact: really; in truth: The dog seemed dead but in fact it was only asleep. As a matter of fact, I don’t like Michael. in point of fact: actually, in fact. truly: really: Are you truly sorry for your crimes?. virtually: actually but not officially: He was virtually a prisoner in his home, as he did not dare to go out while the police were watching. \ في الوَسَط \ halfway: between two places and at an equal distance from them: His house is halfway between yours and mine. \ في وَسْط المسافة \ halfway: between two places and at an equal distance from them: His house is halfway between yours and mine. \ في وَضَح (النهار)‏ \ broad: (of daylight) full; complete: The bank was robbed in broad daylight. \ في وَضع لا يجوز فيه رَكْل الكُرة \ offside: (of a player in football, etc.) breaking a rule by being in a position in which play is not allowed. \ في الوَقْت الحَاضِر \ at present: now; at the present time: At present I have no job, but I shall get one soon. for the time being: for the present: I have no job, but I’m helping my father for the time being. now: at the present time: Where are you working now? Now is the time to plant those seeds. today: the present time: the scientists of today. \ في وَقْتٍ لاَحِق \ after: later: She came first and he arrived soon after. \ في وقتٍ ما \ sometime: (often two words, some time) at a time not exactly known or stated: Come again sometime. He left sometime after dinner. \ في وقتٍ متأخر \ late: after the proper or usual time; not early: We always go to bed very late. He arrived too late for dinner. \ في وقتٍ متأخر مِن \ late: near the end of a period of time: Late in the year; in the late afternoon. \ في الوَقْتِ المُقَرَّر \ round: following a regular course: Wait till your turn comes round. \ في وَقْتٍ من الأوقات \ ever: (esp. in a negative sentence or a question) at any time: Nobody ever writes to me. Have you ever been to Rome? If you ever go there, you must see St. Peter’s cathedral. \ في الوَقْتِ المناسب \ early: in good time for one’s purpose; before the fixed time: We arrived early and got the best seats. in due course: later; after a reasonable delay: He will get better in due course. in good time: slightly early: He came in good time for the meeting. \ في وقت واحد \ at a time: together: They arrived three at a time (in groups of three). \ في يوم من الأيام \ once upon a time: (used at the beginning of stories). \ See Also كان يا ما كان

Arabic-English dictionary > في

12 más

conj.

but.

* * *

mas

► conjunción

1 but

* * *

conj.

but

* * *

CONJ but

* * *

conjunción (liter) but

* * *

= extra, more, plus, topmost [top most].

Ex. Each step of subdivision involves an extra character (see below).

Ex. The command function 'MORE' is used to request the system to display more information, for instance to continue the alphabetical display of terms.

Ex. All of these (except PREVIOUS and NEXT), plus some additional commands are also available from the Command Menu.

Ex. A list of the topmost cited papers of the Proceedings is presented.

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* acercarse aun más = bring + closer together, come closer together, draw + closer together.

* acercarse más aun = bring + closer together, come closer together, draw + closer together.

* ahora más que nunca = now more than ever.

* alcanzar cotas más altas = raise to + greater heights.

* algo más = anything else.

* algunos años más tarde = some years on.

* a más largo plazo = longer-term.

* a más..., más... = the + Comparativo..., the + Comparativo....

* a más tardar = at the latest.

* análisis más minucioso = closer examination.

* aprender de la forma más difícil = learn + the hard way.

* aún más = Verbo + further, even further, all the more, further, furthermore, beyond that, a fortiori.

* bastante más = rather more.

* cada vez más = ever-growing, ever-increasing, increasingly, more and more, progressively, ever more, mushrooming, ever greater, in increasing numbers, increasing.

* cada vez más abultado = swelling.

* cada vez más alto = constantly rising, steadily rising, steadily growing.

* cada vez más amplio = ever-widening.

* cada vez más estricto = tightening.

* cada vez más extendido = spreading.

* cada vez más fácil = ever easier.

* cada vez más lejos = further and further.

* cada vez más rápido = ever faster.

* cada vez más tenue = fading.

* cada vez más viejo = aging [ageing].

* citado más arriba = above.

* con el más sumo cuidado = with utmost care.

* con más antigüedad = longest-serving.

* con más detalle = in most detail, in more detail.

* con más frecuencia = most frequently.

* con más razón aún = a fortiori.

* con más vigor aun = with a vengeance.

* con más virulencia aun = with a vengeance.

* con más vitalidad = revitalised [revitalized, -USA].

* con un filo más pronunciado = sharper-edged.

* correr más deprisa que = outrun [out-run].

* costumbre cada vez más frecuente = growing practice.

* cuanto más = all the more so, all the more, a fortiori.

* cuanto más..., más... = the + Comparativo..., the + Comparativo....

* cuantos más, mejor = the more the merrier, the more the better.

* cuya fecha se anunciará más adelante = at a time to be announced later.

* cuya fecha se determinará más adelante = at a time to be determined later.

* dar a Algo más importancia de la que tiene = oversell.

* dar más de sí = go further.

* dar más explicaciones = elaborate on.

* darse una situación más esperanzadora = sound + a note of hope.

* decir la verdad, toda la verdad y nada más que la verdad = to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.

* de crecimiento más rápido = fastest-growing.

* de esto, de lo otro y de lo de más allá = about this and that and everything else.

* de forma que resulta más fácil de entender = in digestible form.

* de la forma más difícil = the hard way.

* de la forma más fácil = the easy way .

* de lo más = very.

* de lo más + Adjetivo = most + Adjetivo.

* demandar cada vez más enérgicamente = build + pressure, build + pressure.

* de más = extra, one too many.

* de más arriba = topmost [top most].

* desarrollar aun más = develop + further.

* desde un punto de vista más amplio = in a broader sense.

* desde un punto de vista más general = in a broader sense.

* de una manera más sencilla = in digestible form.

* dicho más arriba, lo = foregoing, the.

* distanciar aun más = widen + the gap between... and.

* dominio de las personas con más edad = senior power.

* durante las horas de más calor = during the heat of the day.

* durar más que = outlive.

* el más = all-time.

* el más adecuado = ideally suited.

* el más + Adjetivo = the most + Adjetivo.

* el más allá = hereafter.

* el más bajo = rock-bottom.

* el más favorito del mes = pick of the month.

* el más leído = the most widely read.

* el más recomendado = best of breed, the.

* el + Nombre + más completo = the + Nombre + to end all + Nombre.

* el no va más = the be all and end all, the bee's knees, the cat's pyjamas, the cat's meow, the cat's whiskers, the dog's bollocks.

* el punto más bajo = rock-bottom.

* el todo es más grande que la suma de sus partes = the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

* en el momento más débil de Alguien = at + Posesivo + weakest.

* enfrascado en lo más difícil = in at the deep end.

* enfrascar a Alguien de lleno en lo más difícil = throw in + at the deep end, throw in + at the deep end.

* enfrascarse en lo más difícil = swim in + the deep end, jump in at + the deep end.

* en lo más mínimo = not in the least + Nombre Negativo.

* en más de una ocasión = on more than one occasion, in more than one instance, in more than one occasion.

* en más de un sentido = in more ways than one.

* en su forma más básica = at its most basic.

* en su nivel más bajo = at its lowest ebb.

* en su punto más álgido = at its height.

* en su punto más bajo = at its lowest ebb.

* en tiempos más recientes = in more recent times.

* en un futuro más o menos cercano = in the near future, in the near future.

* en un período más o menos lejano = in the near future, in the near future.

* en un sentido más amplio = in a broader sense, in a larger sense.

* en un sentido más general = in a broader sense.

* es más = more important, moreover.

* examen más minucioso = closer examination.

* examinar más detenidamente = look + closer, take + a closer look at, take + a close look.

* examinar más minuciosamente = examine + in greater detail.

* explicar un Tema con más detalle = expand upon/on + Tema.

* forma de la curva estadística en su valor más alto = peak-shape.

* ganar cada vez más importancia = go from + strength to strength.

* gastar más de la cuenta = overspend.

* gastarse más dinero = dig + deep.

* haber todavía más = there + be + more to it than that.

* hacer las leyes más estrictas = tighten + laws.

* hacerle la vida más simple a todos = simplify + life for everyone.

* hacerlo más llevadero = make + life easier.

* hacer más consciente de Algo = heighten + awareness.

* hacer más copias de Algo = produce + additional copies.

* hacer más estricto = tighten.

* hacer más fuerte = toughen.

* hacer más preciso = tightening up.

* hacer más rico = add + richness to.

* hacer más riguroso = tighten, tightening up.

* hacer más sofisticado = dumb up.

* hacer que tenga más valor = put + a premium on.

* hacerse cada vez más importante = increase in + importance.

* hacerse más complejo = grow in + complexity, gain in + complexity.

* hacerse más corto = grow + shorter.

* hacerse más fuerte = gain in + strength, grow in + strength.

* hacerse más inteligente = smarten up.

* herir en lo más profundo = cut to + the heart of, cut to + the quick.

* horario de apertura más amplio = extended hours.

* incluso yendo más lejos = even farther afield.

* invertir más dinero = dig + deep.

* ir aun más lejos = go + a/one step further.

* ir más allá = go + one stage further.

* ir más allá de = go beyond, transcend, get beyond, go far beyond, move + beyond, take + Nombre + a/one step further/farther, go + past.

* ir más allá de las posibilidades de Alguien = be beyond + Posesivo + capabilities.

* ir más lejos = go + one stage further.

* ir poco más allá de + Infinitivo = go little further than + Gerundio.

* ir todavía más lejos = go + a/one step further.

* la parte más dura de = brunt of, the.

* la parte más importante = the heart of.

* ley del más fuerte, la = law of the jungle, the, survival of the fittest, survival of the strongest.

* libro más vendido = bestseller [best seller/best-seller].

* lista de más populares = chart.

* lista de más vendidos = chart.

* llegar más lejos = stretch + further.

* llevar aún más lejos = carry + one step further.

* llevar + Nombre + aún más lejos = take + Nombre + a/one step further/farther.

* lo más cercano a = the nearest thing to.

* lo más destacado = highlights.

* lo más detestado = pet hate.

* lo más importante = most of all.

* lo más interesante = highlights.

* lo más mínimo = so much as.

* lo más novedoso = the last word.

* lo más odiado = pet hate.

* lo más parecido a = the nearest thing to.

* lo más probable es que = most probably.

* lo más recio de = brunt of, the.

* lo más recóndito = nooks and crannies.

* lo que es más = what is more, what's more.

* lo que es más importante = most importantly, most of all, more importantly, most important.

* los más necesitados = those most in need.

* más acomodados, los = better off, the.

* más adelante = later, further along, later on, in due time, at a later date.

* más afilado que una navaja = as sharp as a knife.

* más afilado que un cuchillo = as sharp as a knife.

* más alegre que unas castañuelas = as happy as Larry.

* más alejado = further afield, furthest away.

* más allá = further than, farther, yonder, beyond that.

* más allá de = beyond, beyond all, past, beyond the range of.

* más allá de cualquier duda = beyond any doubt, beyond any doubt.

* más allá de eso = beyond that.

* más allá de la obligación = beyond the call of duty.

* más allá del deber = beyond the call of duty.

* más allá de ninguna duda = beyond doubt, beyond doubt, beyond any doubt.

* más allá de toda duda = beyond doubt, beyond any doubt, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.

* más allá de toda razón = beyond reason.

* más allá, el = afterlife [after-life], land of the dead, the.

* más antiguo = longest-serving.

* más antiguo, el = seniormost, the.

* más anunciado = best-publicised [best-publicized, -USA].

* más apreciado = long-cherished.

* más aun = nay, beyond that, furthermore.

* más bien = if you like, instead.

* más bien bajo = shortish.

* más bien corto = shortish.

* más bien pequeño = smallish.

* más bien todo lo contrario = quite the opposite, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.

* más borracho que una cuba = as drunk as a lord, as drunk as a newt, as drunk as a skunk.

* más bueno que un pan = as good as gold.

* más cerca de = more nearly.

* más claro el agua = as clear as a bell.

* más claro que el agua = as clear as a bell.

* más complejo de lo que parece = more than meets the eye.

* más complicado de lo que parece = more than meets the eye.

* más común = mainstream.

* más concretamente = more to the point.

* más conocido = best known, best-publicised [best-publicized, -USA], mainstream.

* más conocido como = better known as.

* más contento que unas castañuela = as happy as Larry.

* más contento que unas pascuas = as happy as Larry.

* Posesivo + más cordial enhorabuena = Posesivo + heartiest congratulations.

* más corto que las mangas de una chaleco = as daft as a brush.

* más corto que las mangas de un chaleco = as thick as two (short) planks, as shy as shy can be, as thick as a brick, knucklehead.

* más débil de la camada, el = runt of the litter, the.

* más débil del grupo, el = runt of the litter, the.

* más de + Cantidad = in excess of + Cantidad, over + Cantidad, more than + Cantidad, upwards of + Cantidad.

* más del 10 por ciento = double digit, double figure.

* más de la cuenta = one too many.

* más de la mayoría de los + Nombre = more than most + Nombre.

* más de lo mismo = more of the same.

* más demandado = most demanded.

* más dentro = further into.

* más destacado = foremost.

* más de una vez = more than once.

* más de un ISBN = more than one ISBN.

* más de un millón = million-plus.

* más de unos cuantos + Nombre = not a few + Nombre.

* más difundido = best-publicised [best-publicized, -USA].

* más duradero = longer-lasting.

* más duro que la suela de un zapato = as tough as leather, as tough as nails, as tough as nuts, as tough as old boots, as tough as shoe leather.

* más duro que una piedra = as tough as nuts, as tough as nails, as tough as leather, as tough as old boots, as tough as shoe leather.

* más exactamente = more nearly.

* más fácil de entender para nosotros = closer to home.

* más frío que el mármol = as cold as ice.

* más frío que la nieve = as cold as ice.

* más frío que un témpano (de hielo) = as cold as ice.

* más fuerte que un roble = as strong as an ox.

* más fuerte que un toro = as strong as an ox.

* más granado de la sociedad, lo = cream of society, the.

* más grande = greater.

* más hambre que el perro de un ciego = as hungry as a wolf, as hungry as a bear, as hungry as a hunter.

* más hambre que un maestro de escuela = as hungry as a wolf, as hungry as a bear, as hungry as a hunter.

* más importante = foremost.

* más importante aun = more significantly.

* más información = further information, further details.

* más íntimo = innermost.

* más largo que un día sin pan = as long as (my/your) arm.

* más lejos = further afield, further away, furthest away.

* más meridional = southernmost.

* más necesitado = most in need.

* más occidental = westernmost.

* más o menos = more or less, of a sort, or so, of sorts, after a fashion, round about, roughly speaking, give or take, ballpark.

* más o menos + Adverbio = relatively + Adverbio.

* más o menos cuadrado = squarish.

* más perdedor = losingest.

* más perenne = longer-lasting.

* más permanente = longer-lasting.

* más prestigioso = top-rated, top-ranked.

* más profundo = innermost.

* más que = more... than..., rather than.

* más que antes = more than ever, more... than ever before, more than ever before.

* más que la suma de sus partes = Comparativo + than the sum of its parts.

* más quemado que la pipa (de) un indio = completely burned-out, totally burned-out.

* más que muerto = dead and buried.

* más que nada = more than anything else.

* más que ninguna otra cosa = beyond all else.

* más que nunca = more than ever before, more than ever.

* más que nunca antes = more... than ever before, more than ever before, more than ever.

* más que todo lo demás = beyond all else.

* más que todos nosotros juntos = more than all of us put together.

* más recientemente = in more recent times, more recently.

* más recóndito = innermost.

* más secreto = innermost.

* más septentrional = northernmost.

* Posesivo + más sinceras felicitaciones = Posesivo + heartiest congratulations.

* más sincero + Nombre = deeply felt + Nombre.

* más sordo que una tapia = as deaf as a post.

* más suave que el terciopelo = as soft as velvet.

* más suave que la seda = as soft as silk.

* más tarde = later on.

* más tarde o más temprano = sooner or later, at one time or another.

* más todavía = all the more so.

* más usado = most heavily used.

* más vale malo conocido que bueno por conocer = better the devil you know (than the devil you don't).

* más vale pájaro en mano que ciento volando = a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.

* más vale prevenir que curar = a stitch in time saves nine, better (to be) safe than sorry.

* más vale que + Subjuntivo = might + as well + Verbo.

* más vale tarde que nunca = better late than never.

* más valorado = highly valued.

* más vendido = best selling [bestselling/best-selling], top-selling.

* más veterano, el = seniormost, the.

* más viejo que Matusalén = as old as Methuselah, as old as the hills, as old as the hills.

* más votado = top-rated, top-ranked.

* materia más general = broader subject.

* menos blandeces y más mano dura = less of the carrot, more of the stick.

* meter a Alguien de lleno en lo más difícil = throw in + at the deep end, throw in + at the deep end.

* meterse de lleno en lo más difícil = swim in + the deep end, jump in at + the deep end.

* metido en lo más difícil = in at the deep end.

* mientras más, mejor = the more the merrier, the more the better.

* mirada más de cerca = closer look.

* miseria más absoluta = abject poverty.

* muchas otras cosas más = much else besides.

* muchísimo más = a whole lot more, an awful lot more.

* muchísimo más + Adjetivo = infinitely + Adjetivo.

* mucho más = order of magnitude, much more, much more so, a lot more, lots more.

* mucho más + Adjetivo = all the more + Adjetivo.

* mucho más + Adverbio = far more + Adverbio/Adjetivo.

* mucho más cerca = far closer.

* mucho más de = well over + Expresión Numérica.

* mucho más rápido = far faster.

* muchos más = a great many more.

* nada + estar + más apartado de la realidad = nothing + can + be further from the truth, nothing + can + be further from the truth.

* nada + estar + más lejos de la realidad = nothing + can + be further from the truth.

* nada + estar + más lejos de la verdad = nothing + can + be further from the truth.

* nada más = anything else, nothing else.

* nada más y nada menos = as much as + Expresión Numérica.

* nada más y nada menos que = in the order of + Cantidad, nothing less than.

* nada más y nada menos que de = to the tune of + Cantidad.

* nada más y nada menos que desde + Expresión Temporal = from as far back as + Expresión Temporal.

* nada más y nada menos que + Número = as many as + Número.

* nada puede estar más alejado de la realidad = nothing can be further from the truth.

* nadie más = nobody else.

* ni más ni menos = nothing more, nothing less, no more, no less.

* no aguantar más = have had enough.

* no dar más de sí = stretch + Nombre + to the limit, overstretch.

* no hacer más que = do + no more than.

* no importar lo más mínimo = could not care less.

* no más que = in any more than.

* Nombre + más o menos = Nombre + of sorts.

* no poder hacer más que = do + little more than.

* no saber qué más hacer = be at + Posesivo + wit's end.

* no ser lo más adecuado para = ill suited to/for.

* no ser más que = be nothing more than, be nothing but.

* no tener la más mínima idea sobre Algo = Negativo + have + the foggiest idea.

* no tener más alternativa que = have + no other option but.

* no tener más remedio que = be stuck with, be left with the need to, get + stuck with.

* no tener ni la más mínima posibilidad = not to have a prayer.

* no tener ni la más remota posibilidad = not to have a prayer.

* no voy a aguantarlo más = not going to take it any more.

* Número + de más = Número + too many.

* Número + veces más = Número + times as many.

* Número + veces más de = Número + times the number of.

* nunca más = never again.

* observar con más detalle = closer look.

* optar por la solución más fácil = take + the easy way out.

* otro + Nombre + más = further + Nombre, yet another + Nombre.

* pagando un poco más = at additional cost.

* pagar más de lo que se debería = overpay.

* para complicar aun más las cosas = to add to the confusion.

* para confundir aun más las cosas = to add to the confusion.

* para hacer más fácil = for ease of.

* para más información = for further details.

* para más inri = to cap it all (off), on top of everything else, but to make things worse, but to make matters worse.

* para que quede más claro = for main effects.

* para ser más explícito = to elaborate a little further.

* pasar a cosas más agradables = on a happier note.

* poco más = little else.

* poner más fuerte = crank up.

* ¡por lo más quieras! = Not on your life!.

* por más que lo intento = for the life of me.

* Posesivo + más cordial enhorabuena = Posesivo + heartiest congratulations.

* Posesivo + más sinceras felicitaciones = Posesivo + heartiest congratulations.

* precio de coste más margen de beneficios = cost-plus pricing.

* presupuesto cada vez más pequeño = shrinking budget.

* pruebas cada vez más concluyentes = mounting evidence.

* quedar mucho más por hacer = much more needs to be done.

* qué más = what else.

* que no da más de sí = overstretched.

* ¿quién más...? = who else...?.

* rechazar sin más = dismiss + out of hand.

* redondear al número entero más cercano = round up to + the nearest whole number.

* requerir más destreza = be more of an art.

* sacar más partido = get + more for + Posesivo + money.

* sentir más ganas de hacer Algo = grow in + appetite.

* sentirse más seguro de = gain + confidence (with/in).

* separar aun más = widen + the gap between... and.

* ser aun más = be all the more.

* ser cada vez más importante = increase in + importance.

* ser el punto más débil de Alguien = be at + Posesivo + weakest.

* ser el punto más flaco de Alguien = be at + Posesivo + weakest.

* ser lo más parecido a = be as close as we come to.

* ser lo que a Uno más le gusta = be + Posesivo + big scene.

* ser más interno = inner being.

* ser más un + Nombre = be more of a + Nombre.

* ser mucho más = be all the more.

* ser nada más y nada menos que = be nothing less than.

* siempre querer más = enough + be + not/never + enough.

* signo más (+) = addition sign (+), plus sign (+).

* sin la más mínima duda = without the shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.

* sin más = out of hand, unceremoniously, unceremonious.

* sin más dilación = without (any) further ado, without (any) more ado, without warning.

* sin más ni más = unceremoniously, unceremonious, for the love of it, without much ado.

* sin más preámbulos = without (any) further ado, without (any) more ado.

* sino más bien = rather.

* sino (que) más bien = but rather.

* supervivencia del más fuerte = survival of the fittest, survival of the strongest.

* tarifa especial más barata = discount charge.

* tener más paciencia que un santo = have + the patience of a saint.

* término más específico = narrower term.

* todavía más + Adjetivo = all the more + Adjetivo.

* tratar con más detalle = discuss + in greater detail.

* una imagen vale más que mil palabras = a picture is worth more than ten thousand words.

* una pieza más en la organización = a cog in the wheel.

* una vez más = again, yet again.

* uno de los + Nombre + más + Adjetivo = not the least + Adjetivo + Nombre, not the least of the + Adjetivo + Nombre.

* uno de los + Nombre + más importante = not the least + Nombre, not the least of + Nombre.

* uno de mas = one too many.

* uno más = one of equals.

* uno más de tantos en la organización = a cog in the machine.

* unos días más tarde = a few days later.

* véase + Nombre + para más información = refer to + Nombre + for details.

* vender a un precio más barato que = undercut.

* vender más barato = undercut.

* venderse más que = outsell.

* venta a un precio más barato = undercutting.

* y Dios sabe qué más = and Heaven knows what else.

* y más adelante = and beyond.

* y más allá = and beyond.

* y mucho más = and much more.

* y mucho(s) más = and more.

* y poco más = and little more.

* ¡y qué más da! = so what!.

* y unos cuantos más = and a few others.

* * *

conjunción (liter) but

* * *

= extra, more, plus, topmost [top most].

Ex: Each step of subdivision involves an extra character (see below).

Ex: The command function 'MORE' is used to request the system to display more information, for instance to continue the alphabetical display of terms.

Ex: All of these (except PREVIOUS and NEXT), plus some additional commands are also available from the Command Menu.

Ex: A list of the topmost cited papers of the Proceedings is presented.

* acercarse aun más = bring + closer together, come closer together, draw + closer together.

* acercarse más aun = bring + closer together, come closer together, draw + closer together.

* ahora más que nunca = now more than ever.

* alcanzar cotas más altas = raise to + greater heights.

* algo más = anything else.

* algunos años más tarde = some years on.

* a más largo plazo = longer-term.

* a más..., más... = the + Comparativo..., the + Comparativo....

* a más tardar = at the latest.

* análisis más minucioso = closer examination.

* aprender de la forma más difícil = learn + the hard way.

* aún más = Verbo + further, even further, all the more, further, furthermore, beyond that, a fortiori.

* bastante más = rather more.

* cada vez más = ever-growing, ever-increasing, increasingly, more and more, progressively, ever more, mushrooming, ever greater, in increasing numbers, increasing.

* cada vez más abultado = swelling.

* cada vez más alto = constantly rising, steadily rising, steadily growing.

* cada vez más amplio = ever-widening.

* cada vez más estricto = tightening.

* cada vez más extendido = spreading.

* cada vez más fácil = ever easier.

* cada vez más lejos = further and further.

* cada vez más rápido = ever faster.

* cada vez más tenue = fading.

* cada vez más viejo = aging [ageing].

* citado más arriba = above.

* con el más sumo cuidado = with utmost care.

* con más antigüedad = longest-serving.

* con más detalle = in most detail, in more detail.

* con más frecuencia = most frequently.

* con más razón aún = a fortiori.

* con más vigor aun = with a vengeance.

* con más virulencia aun = with a vengeance.

* con más vitalidad = revitalised [revitalized, -USA].

* con un filo más pronunciado = sharper-edged.

* correr más deprisa que = outrun [out-run].

* costumbre cada vez más frecuente = growing practice.

* cuanto más = all the more so, all the more, a fortiori.

* cuanto más..., más... = the + Comparativo..., the + Comparativo....

* cuantos más, mejor = the more the merrier, the more the better.

* cuya fecha se anunciará más adelante = at a time to be announced later.

* cuya fecha se determinará más adelante = at a time to be determined later.

* dar a Algo más importancia de la que tiene = oversell.

* dar más de sí = go further.

* dar más explicaciones = elaborate on.

* darse una situación más esperanzadora = sound + a note of hope.

* decir la verdad, toda la verdad y nada más que la verdad = to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.

* de crecimiento más rápido = fastest-growing.

* de esto, de lo otro y de lo de más allá = about this and that and everything else.

* de forma que resulta más fácil de entender = in digestible form.

* de la forma más difícil = the hard way.

* de la forma más fácil = the easy way.

* de lo más = very.

* de lo más + Adjetivo = most + Adjetivo.

* demandar cada vez más enérgicamente = build + pressure, build + pressure.

* de más = extra, one too many.

* de más arriba = topmost [top most].

* desarrollar aun más = develop + further.

* desde un punto de vista más amplio = in a broader sense.

* desde un punto de vista más general = in a broader sense.

* de una manera más sencilla = in digestible form.

* dicho más arriba, lo = foregoing, the.

* distanciar aun más = widen + the gap between... and.

* dominio de las personas con más edad = senior power.

* durante las horas de más calor = during the heat of the day.

* durar más que = outlive.

* el más = all-time.

* el más adecuado = ideally suited.

* el más + Adjetivo = the most + Adjetivo.

* el más allá = hereafter.

* el más bajo = rock-bottom.

* el más favorito del mes = pick of the month.

* el más leído = the most widely read.

* el más recomendado = best of breed, the.

* el + Nombre + más completo = the + Nombre + to end all + Nombre.

* el no va más = the be all and end all, the bee's knees, the cat's pyjamas, the cat's meow, the cat's whiskers, the dog's bollocks.

* el punto más bajo = rock-bottom.

* el todo es más grande que la suma de sus partes = the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

* en el momento más débil de Alguien = at + Posesivo + weakest.

* enfrascado en lo más difícil = in at the deep end.

* enfrascar a Alguien de lleno en lo más difícil = throw in + at the deep end, throw in + at the deep end.

* enfrascarse en lo más difícil = swim in + the deep end, jump in at + the deep end.

* en lo más mínimo = not in the least + Nombre Negativo.

* en más de una ocasión = on more than one occasion, in more than one instance, in more than one occasion.

* en más de un sentido = in more ways than one.

* en su forma más básica = at its most basic.

* en su nivel más bajo = at its lowest ebb.

* en su punto más álgido = at its height.

* en su punto más bajo = at its lowest ebb.

* en tiempos más recientes = in more recent times.

* en un futuro más o menos cercano = in the near future, in the near future.

* en un período más o menos lejano = in the near future, in the near future.

* en un sentido más amplio = in a broader sense, in a larger sense.

* en un sentido más general = in a broader sense.

* es más = more important, moreover.

* examen más minucioso = closer examination.

* examinar más detenidamente = look + closer, take + a closer look at, take + a close look.

* examinar más minuciosamente = examine + in greater detail.

* explicar un Tema con más detalle = expand upon/on + Tema.

* forma de la curva estadística en su valor más alto = peak-shape.

* ganar cada vez más importancia = go from + strength to strength.

* gastar más de la cuenta = overspend.

* gastarse más dinero = dig + deep.

* haber todavía más = there + be + more to it than that.

* hacer las leyes más estrictas = tighten + laws.

* hacerle la vida más simple a todos = simplify + life for everyone.

* hacerlo más llevadero = make + life easier.

* hacer más consciente de Algo = heighten + awareness.

* hacer más copias de Algo = produce + additional copies.

* hacer más estricto = tighten.

* hacer más fuerte = toughen.

* hacer más preciso = tightening up.

* hacer más rico = add + richness to.

* hacer más riguroso = tighten, tightening up.

* hacer más sofisticado = dumb up.

* hacer que tenga más valor = put + a premium on.

* hacerse cada vez más importante = increase in + importance.

* hacerse más complejo = grow in + complexity, gain in + complexity.

* hacerse más corto = grow + shorter.

* hacerse más fuerte = gain in + strength, grow in + strength.

* hacerse más inteligente = smarten up.

* herir en lo más profundo = cut to + the heart of, cut to + the quick.

* horario de apertura más amplio = extended hours.

* incluso yendo más lejos = even farther afield.

* invertir más dinero = dig + deep.

* ir aun más lejos = go + a/one step further.

* ir más allá = go + one stage further.

* ir más allá de = go beyond, transcend, get beyond, go far beyond, move + beyond, take + Nombre + a/one step further/farther, go + past.

* ir más allá de las posibilidades de Alguien = be beyond + Posesivo + capabilities.

* ir más lejos = go + one stage further.

* ir poco más allá de + Infinitivo = go little further than + Gerundio.

* ir todavía más lejos = go + a/one step further.

* la parte más dura de = brunt of, the.

* la parte más importante = the heart of.

* ley del más fuerte, la = law of the jungle, the, survival of the fittest, survival of the strongest.

* libro más vendido = bestseller [best seller/best-seller].

* lista de más populares = chart.

* lista de más vendidos = chart.

* llegar más lejos = stretch + further.

* llevar aún más lejos = carry + one step further.

* llevar + Nombre + aún más lejos = take + Nombre + a/one step further/farther.

* lo más cercano a = the nearest thing to.

* lo más destacado = highlights.

* lo más detestado = pet hate.

* lo más importante = most of all.

* lo más interesante = highlights.

* lo más mínimo = so much as.

* lo más novedoso = the last word.

* lo más odiado = pet hate.

* lo más parecido a = the nearest thing to.

* lo más probable es que = most probably.

* lo más recio de = brunt of, the.

* lo más recóndito = nooks and crannies.

* lo que es más = what is more, what's more.

* lo que es más importante = most importantly, most of all, more importantly, most important.

* los más necesitados = those most in need.

* más acomodados, los = better off, the.

* más adelante = later, further along, later on, in due time, at a later date.

* más afilado que una navaja = as sharp as a knife.

* más afilado que un cuchillo = as sharp as a knife.

* más alegre que unas castañuelas = as happy as Larry.

* más alejado = further afield, furthest away.

* más allá = further than, farther, yonder, beyond that.

* más allá de = beyond, beyond all, past, beyond the range of.

* más allá de cualquier duda = beyond any doubt, beyond any doubt.

* más allá de eso = beyond that.

* más allá de la obligación = beyond the call of duty.

* más allá del deber = beyond the call of duty.

* más allá de ninguna duda = beyond doubt, beyond doubt, beyond any doubt.

* más allá de toda duda = beyond doubt, beyond any doubt, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.

* más allá de toda razón = beyond reason.

* más allá, el = afterlife [after-life], land of the dead, the.

* más antiguo = longest-serving.

* más antiguo, el = seniormost, the.

* más anunciado = best-publicised [best-publicized, -USA].

* más apreciado = long-cherished.

* más aun = nay, beyond that, furthermore.

* más bien = if you like, instead.

* más bien bajo = shortish.

* más bien corto = shortish.

* más bien pequeño = smallish.

* más bien todo lo contrario = quite the opposite, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.

* más borracho que una cuba = as drunk as a lord, as drunk as a newt, as drunk as a skunk.

* más bueno que un pan = as good as gold.

* más cerca de = more nearly.

* más claro el agua = as clear as a bell.

* más claro que el agua = as clear as a bell.

* más complejo de lo que parece = more than meets the eye.

* más complicado de lo que parece = more than meets the eye.

* más común = mainstream.

* más concretamente = more to the point.

* más conocido = best known, best-publicised [best-publicized, -USA], mainstream.

* más conocido como = better known as.

* más contento que unas castañuela = as happy as Larry.

* más contento que unas pascuas = as happy as Larry.

* Posesivo + más cordial enhorabuena = Posesivo + heartiest congratulations.

* más corto que las mangas de una chaleco = as daft as a brush.

* más corto que las mangas de un chaleco = as thick as two (short) planks, as shy as shy can be, as thick as a brick, knucklehead.

* más débil de la camada, el = runt of the litter, the.

* más débil del grupo, el = runt of the litter, the.

* más de + Cantidad = in excess of + Cantidad, over + Cantidad, more than + Cantidad, upwards of + Cantidad.

* más del 10 por ciento = double digit, double figure.

* más de la cuenta = one too many.

* más de la mayoría de los + Nombre = more than most + Nombre.

* más de lo mismo = more of the same.

* más demandado = most demanded.

* más dentro = further into.

* más destacado = foremost.

* más de una vez = more than once.

* más de un ISBN = more than one ISBN.

* más de un millón = million-plus.

* más de unos cuantos + Nombre = not a few + Nombre.

* más difundido = best-publicised [best-publicized, -USA].

* más duradero = longer-lasting.

* más duro que la suela de un zapato = as tough as leather, as tough as nails, as tough as nuts, as tough as old boots, as tough as shoe leather.

* más duro que una piedra = as tough as nuts, as tough as nails, as tough as leather, as tough as old boots, as tough as shoe leather.

* más exactamente = more nearly.

* más fácil de entender para nosotros = closer to home.

* más frío que el mármol = as cold as ice.

* más frío que la nieve = as cold as ice.

* más frío que un témpano (de hielo) = as cold as ice.

* más fuerte que un roble = as strong as an ox.

* más fuerte que un toro = as strong as an ox.

* más granado de la sociedad, lo = cream of society, the.

* más grande = greater.

* más hambre que el perro de un ciego = as hungry as a wolf, as hungry as a bear, as hungry as a hunter.

* más hambre que un maestro de escuela = as hungry as a wolf, as hungry as a bear, as hungry as a hunter.

* más importante = foremost.

* más importante aun = more significantly.

* más información = further information, further details.

* más íntimo = innermost.

* más largo que un día sin pan = as long as (my/your) arm.

* más lejos = further afield, further away, furthest away.

* más meridional = southernmost.

* más necesitado = most in need.

* más occidental = westernmost.

* más o menos = more or less, of a sort, or so, of sorts, after a fashion, round about, roughly speaking, give or take, ballpark.

* más o menos + Adverbio = relatively + Adverbio.

* más o menos cuadrado = squarish.

* más perdedor = losingest.

* más perenne = longer-lasting.

* más permanente = longer-lasting.

* más prestigioso = top-rated, top-ranked.

* más profundo = innermost.

* más que = more... than..., rather than.

* más que antes = more than ever, more... than ever before, more than ever before.

* más que la suma de sus partes = Comparativo + than the sum of its parts.

* más quemado que la pipa (de) un indio = completely burned-out, totally burned-out.

* más que muerto = dead and buried.

* más que nada = more than anything else.

* más que ninguna otra cosa = beyond all else.

* más que nunca = more than ever before, more than ever.

* más que nunca antes = more... than ever before, more than ever before, more than ever.

* más que todo lo demás = beyond all else.

* más que todos nosotros juntos = more than all of us put together.

* más recientemente = in more recent times, more recently.

* más recóndito = innermost.

* más secreto = innermost.

* más septentrional = northernmost.

* Posesivo + más sinceras felicitaciones = Posesivo + heartiest congratulations.

* más sincero + Nombre = deeply felt + Nombre.

* más sordo que una tapia = as deaf as a post.

* más suave que el terciopelo = as soft as velvet.

* más suave que la seda = as soft as silk.

* más tarde = later on.

* más tarde o más temprano = sooner or later, at one time or another.

* más todavía = all the more so.

* más usado = most heavily used.

* más vale malo conocido que bueno por conocer = better the devil you know (than the devil you don't).

* más vale pájaro en mano que ciento volando = a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.

* más vale prevenir que curar = a stitch in time saves nine, better (to be) safe than sorry.

* más vale que + Subjuntivo = might + as well + Verbo.

* más vale tarde que nunca = better late than never.

* más valorado = highly valued.

* más vendido = best selling [bestselling/best-selling], top-selling.

* más veterano, el = seniormost, the.

* más viejo que Matusalén = as old as Methuselah, as old as the hills, as old as the hills.

* más votado = top-rated, top-ranked.

* materia más general = broader subject.

* menos blandeces y más mano dura = less of the carrot, more of the stick.

* meter a Alguien de lleno en lo más difícil = throw in + at the deep end, throw in + at the deep end.

* meterse de lleno en lo más difícil = swim in + the deep end, jump in at + the deep end.

* metido en lo más difícil = in at the deep end.

* mientras más, mejor = the more the merrier, the more the better.

* mirada más de cerca = closer look.

* miseria más absoluta = abject poverty.

* muchas otras cosas más = much else besides.

* muchísimo más = a whole lot more, an awful lot more.

* muchísimo más + Adjetivo = infinitely + Adjetivo.

* mucho más = order of magnitude, much more, much more so, a lot more, lots more.

* mucho más + Adjetivo = all the more + Adjetivo.

* mucho más + Adverbio = far more + Adverbio/Adjetivo.

* mucho más cerca = far closer.

* mucho más de = well over + Expresión Numérica.

* mucho más rápido = far faster.

* muchos más = a great many more.

* nada + estar + más apartado de la realidad = nothing + can + be further from the truth, nothing + can + be further from the truth.

* nada + estar + más lejos de la realidad = nothing + can + be further from the truth.

* nada + estar + más lejos de la verdad = nothing + can + be further from the truth.

* nada más = anything else, nothing else.

* nada más y nada menos = as much as + Expresión Numérica.

* nada más y nada menos que = in the order of + Cantidad, nothing less than.

* nada más y nada menos que de = to the tune of + Cantidad.

* nada más y nada menos que desde + Expresión Temporal = from as far back as + Expresión Temporal.

* nada más y nada menos que + Número = as many as + Número.

* nada puede estar más alejado de la realidad = nothing can be further from the truth.

* nadie más = nobody else.

* ni más ni menos = nothing more, nothing less, no more, no less.

* no aguantar más = have had enough.

* no dar más de sí = stretch + Nombre + to the limit, overstretch.

* no hacer más que = do + no more than.

* no importar lo más mínimo = could not care less.

* no más que = in any more than.

* Nombre + más o menos = Nombre + of sorts.

* no poder hacer más que = do + little more than.

* no saber qué más hacer = be at + Posesivo + wit's end.

* no ser lo más adecuado para = ill suited to/for.

* no ser más que = be nothing more than, be nothing but.

* no tener la más mínima idea sobre Algo = Negativo + have + the foggiest idea.

* no tener más alternativa que = have + no other option but.

* no tener más remedio que = be stuck with, be left with the need to, get + stuck with.

* no tener ni la más mínima posibilidad = not to have a prayer.

* no tener ni la más remota posibilidad = not to have a prayer.

* no voy a aguantarlo más = not going to take it any more.

* Número + de más = Número + too many.

* Número + veces más = Número + times as many.

* Número + veces más de = Número + times the number of.

* nunca más = never again.

* observar con más detalle = closer look.

* optar por la solución más fácil = take + the easy way out.

* otro + Nombre + más = further + Nombre, yet another + Nombre.

* pagando un poco más = at additional cost.

* pagar más de lo que se debería = overpay.

* para complicar aun más las cosas = to add to the confusion.

* para confundir aun más las cosas = to add to the confusion.

* para hacer más fácil = for ease of.

* para más información = for further details.

* para más inri = to cap it all (off), on top of everything else, but to make things worse, but to make matters worse.

* para que quede más claro = for main effects.

* para ser más explícito = to elaborate a little further.

* pasar a cosas más agradables = on a happier note.

* poco más = little else.

* poner más fuerte = crank up.

* ¡por lo más quieras! = Not on your life!.

* por más que lo intento = for the life of me.

* Posesivo + más cordial enhorabuena = Posesivo + heartiest congratulations.

* Posesivo + más sinceras felicitaciones = Posesivo + heartiest congratulations.

* precio de coste más margen de beneficios = cost-plus pricing.

* presupuesto cada vez más pequeño = shrinking budget.

* pruebas cada vez más concluyentes = mounting evidence.

* quedar mucho más por hacer = much more needs to be done.

* qué más = what else.

* que no da más de sí = overstretched.

* ¿quién más...? = who else...?.

* rechazar sin más = dismiss + out of hand.

* redondear al número entero más cercano = round up to + the nearest whole number.

* requerir más destreza = be more of an art.

* sacar más partido = get + more for + Posesivo + money.

* sentir más ganas de hacer Algo = grow in + appetite.

* sentirse más seguro de = gain + confidence (with/in).

* separar aun más = widen + the gap between... and.

* ser aun más = be all the more.

* ser cada vez más importante = increase in + importance.

* ser el punto más débil de Alguien = be at + Posesivo + weakest.

* ser el punto más flaco de Alguien = be at + Posesivo + weakest.

* ser lo más parecido a = be as close as we come to.

* ser lo que a Uno más le gusta = be + Posesivo + big scene.

* ser más interno = inner being.

* ser más un + Nombre = be more of a + Nombre.

* ser mucho más = be all the more.

* ser nada más y nada menos que = be nothing less than.

* siempre querer más = enough + be + not/never + enough.

* signo más (+) = addition sign (+), plus sign (+).

* sin la más mínima duda = without the shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.

* sin más = out of hand, unceremoniously, unceremonious.

* sin más dilación = without (any) further ado, without (any) more ado, without warning.

* sin más ni más = unceremoniously, unceremonious, for the love of it, without much ado.

* sin más preámbulos = without (any) further ado, without (any) more ado.

* sino más bien = rather.

* sino (que) más bien = but rather.

* supervivencia del más fuerte = survival of the fittest, survival of the strongest.

* tarifa especial más barata = discount charge.

* tener más paciencia que un santo = have + the patience of a saint.

* término más específico = narrower term.

* todavía más + Adjetivo = all the more + Adjetivo.

* tratar con más detalle = discuss + in greater detail.

* una imagen vale más que mil palabras = a picture is worth more than ten thousand words.

* una pieza más en la organización = a cog in the wheel.

* una vez más = again, yet again.

* uno de los + Nombre + más + Adjetivo = not the least + Adjetivo + Nombre, not the least of the + Adjetivo + Nombre.

* uno de los + Nombre + más importante = not the least + Nombre, not the least of + Nombre.

* uno de mas = one too many.

* uno más = one of equals.

* uno más de tantos en la organización = a cog in the machine.

* unos días más tarde = a few days later.

* véase + Nombre + para más información = refer to + Nombre + for details.

* vender a un precio más barato que = undercut.

* vender más barato = undercut.

* venderse más que = outsell.

* venta a un precio más barato = undercutting.

* y Dios sabe qué más = and Heaven knows what else.

* y más adelante = and beyond.

* y más allá = and beyond.

* y mucho más = and much more.

* y mucho(s) más = and more.

* y poco más = and little more.

* ¡y qué más da! = so what!.

* y unos cuantos más = and a few others.

* * *

MAS

/mas/

masculine

A (en Col) = Muerte a Secuestradores

B (en Ven) = Movimiento al Socialismo

* * *

Multiple Entries:
mas
más
mas conjunción (liter) but
más adverbio
1
a) ( comparativo):

◊ ¿tiene algo más barato/moderno? do you have anything cheaper/more modern;

duran más they last longer;
me gusta más sin azúcar I prefer it without sugar;
ahora la vemos más we see more of her now;
tendrás que estudiar más you'll have to study harder;
más lejos/atrás further away/back;
el más allá the other world;
más que nunca more than ever;
me gusta más el vino seco que el dulce I prefer dry wine to sweet, I like dry wine better than sweet;
pesa más de lo que parece it's heavier than it looks;
es más complicado de lo que tú crees it's more complicated than you think;
eran más de las cinco it was after five o'clock;
más de 30 more than 30, over 30
b) ( especialmente) particularly, especially

2 ( superlativo):
◊ la más bonita/la más inteligente the prettiest/the most intelligent;

el que más sabe the one who knows most;
el que más me gusta the one I like best;
estuvo de lo más divertido it was great fun
3 ( en frases negativas):
◊ no tiene más que tres meses she's only three months old;

nadie más que ella nobody but her;
no tengo más que esto this is all I have;
no tuve más remedio I had no alternative;
no juego más I'm not playing any more;
nunca más never again
4 ( con valor ponderativo):
◊ ¡cantó más bien…! she sang so well!;

¡qué cosa más rara! how strange!
■ adjetivo invariable
1 ( comparativo) more;
◊ más dinero more money;

una vez más once more;
ni un minuto más not a minute longer;
hoy hace más calor it's warmer today;
son más que nosotros there are more of them than us
2 ( superlativo) most;
◊ el equipo que ganó más partidos the team that won most games;

las más de las veces more often than not
3 ( con valor ponderativo):
◊ ¡me da más rabia …! it makes me so mad!;

¡tiene más amigos …! he has so many friends!
4
◊ ¿qué más? what else?;

nada/nadie más nothing/nobody else;
algo/alguien más something/somebody else;
¿quién más vino? who else came?;
¿algo más? — nada más gracias anything else? — no, that's all, thank you
■ pronombre
1 more;
◊ ¿te sirvo más? would you like some more?

2 ( en locs)
◊ a lo más at the most;

a más no poder: corrimos a más no poder we ran as fast o hard as we could;
a más tardar at the latest;
cuanto más at the most;
de más: ¿tienes un lápiz de más? do you have a spare pencil?;
me dio cinco dólares de más he gave me five dollars too much;
no está de más repetirlo there's no harm in repeating it;
es más in fact;
más bien ( un poco) rather;
más o menos ( aproximadamente) more or less;

( no muy bien) so-so;
◊ ni más ni menos no less;

no más See Also→ nomás;
por más: por más que llores however much you cry;
por más que trataba however hard he tried;
¿qué más da? what does it matter?;
sin más (ni más) just like that
■ preposición
a) (Mat) ( en sumas) plus;

◊ 8+7 =15 (read as: ocho más siete (es) igual (a) quince) eight plus seven equals fifteen

b) ( además de) plus;

◊ mil pesos, más los gastos a thousand pesos, plus expenses

■ sustantivo masculino
plus sign
mas conj frml but: sé que es difícil, mas no debes darte por vencido, I know it's hard, but you musn't give up
más
I adverbio & pron
1 (aumento) more: necesito comprar más, I need to buy more
me duele cada día más, it hurts more and more
parte dos trozos más, cut two more pieces
tendría que ser más barato, it should be cheaper
asistieron más de cien personas, more than a hundred people attended
(con pronombre interrogativo) else: ¿alguien más quiere repetir?, would anybody else like a second helping?
(con pronombre indefinido) añádele algo más, add something else
no sé nada más, I don't know anything else
2 (comparación) more: es más complicado que el primero, it's more complicated than the first one
eres más guapa que ella, you are prettier than her
3 (superlativo) most: ella es la más divertida, she's the funniest
lo más extraño del mundo, the strangest thing in the world
4 (otra vez) no me llames más, que estoy trabajando, don't call me again, I'm busy
no volví a verlo más, I never saw him again
5 (sobre todo) debiste llamar, y más sabiendo que estoy sola, you should have phoned me, especially knowing I'm alone
6 (otro) no tengo más cuchillo que éste, I have no other knife but this one
7 exclamación so..., such a..., what a...!
¡está más pesado!, he's such a pain!
¡qué cosa más fea!, what an ugly thing!
II prep Mat plus
dos más dos, two plus o and two ➣ Ver nota en sumar
♦ Locuciones: de más, (de sobra): su comentario estuvo de más, his remark was unnecessary
¿tienes unas medias de más?, do you have a spare pair of tights?
más bien, rather
más o menos, more or less
por más que, (aunque): por más que lo leo no logro entenderlo, no matter how many times I read it, I can't understand it
sin más (ni más), just like that
todo lo más, at most
Ten cuidado con las frases hechas del tipo más borracho que una cuba o más bueno que el pan. Se traducen empleando as... as...: as drunk as a lord o as good as gold.
' más' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
A
- abajo
- abundar
- acá
- actualidad
- adelante
- adentro
- aguantar
- alargarse
- algo
- allá
- alquilar
- alta
- alto
- amarre
- ámbito
- amortizar
- ampliar
- ancha
- ancho
- antes
- aparecer
- arriba
- arrimarse
- aunque
- avivar
- baja
- bajo
- bastante
- bien
- bilis
- bravucón
- bravucona
- bufido
- cada
- cargar
- cerca
- cerrarse
- ciudad
- colmo
- comodidad
- consolidar
- consolidarse
- construcción
- contaminante
- contestón
- contestona
- contraria
- contrario
- córcholis
English:
A
- aboard
- about
- above
- acceptable
- accomplished
- ado
- adopt
- advanced
- advantage
- advocate
- afterwards
- again
- agree
- agreeable
- airport
- all
- along
- aloud
- alternative
- always
- ample
- amplify
- another
- anticipate
- antsy
- anything
- appropriate
- arguable
- art form
- as
- ask
- awe-inspiring
- barrel
- basic
- bat
- become
- begin
- below
- besides
- best
- better
- beyond
- big
- bird
- bit
- bite
- blue
- bookshelf
- boot

* * *

MAS [mas] nm (abrev de Movimiento al Socialismo)

= left-wing political party in Argentina and Venezuela

* * *

mas

conj but

* * *

mas conj

pero: but

más adv

1) : more

¿hay algo más grande?: is there anything bigger?

2) : most

Luis es el más alto: Luis is the tallest

3) : longer

el sabor dura más: the flavor lasts longer

4) : rather

más querría andar: I would rather walk

5)

a mas : besides, in addition

6)

más allá : further

7)

qué... más... : what..., what a...

¡qué día más bonito!: what a beautiful day!

más adj

1) : more

dáme dos kilos más: give me two more kilos

2) : most

la que ganó más dinero: the one who earned the most money

3) : else

¿quién más quiere vino?: who else wants wine?

más n

: plus sign

más prep

: plus

tres más dos es igual a cinco: three plus two equals five

más pron

1) : more

¿tienes más?: do you have more?

2)

a lo más : at most

3)

de mas : extra, excess

4)

más o menos : more or less, approximately

5)

por más que : no matter how much

por más que corras no llegarás a tiempo: no matter how fast you run you won't arrive on time

* * *

más¹ adv

1. (comparativo) more

tengo más dinero que tú I've got more money than you

¿quieres más arroz? do you want some more rice?

Fíjate que los adjetivos cortos forman el comparativo añadiendo er

tu hermano es más alto que tú your brother is taller than you

2. (superlativo) most

¿quién tiene más caramelos? who's got the most sweets?

la mujer más guapa del mundo the most beautiful woman in the world

Fíjate que los adjetivos cortos forman el superlativo añadiendo est

eres el chico más alto de la clase you're the tallest boy in the class

3. (con números, cantidades) more / over

había más de veinte personas there were over twenty people

esperé más de una hora I waited more than an hour

4. (con pronombres) else

¿quieres algo más? do you want anything else?

¿quién más estaba? who else was there?

¿nadie más? no one else?

nada más nothing else

5. (exclamaciones)

¡qué casa más bonita! what a pretty house!

¡está más guapa! she's ever so pretty!

de más (de sobra) spare / extra (demasiado) too much / too many

más o menos more or less

más bien rather

más² conj plus

ocho más siete son quince eight plus seven makes fifteen

Spanish-English dictionary > más

13 do1

praep. 1. (w kierunku) to
- pojechać do Warszawy/Francji to go to Warsaw/France

- pójść do kina/teatru to go to the cinema/theatre

- pójść do domu to go home

- chodzić do szkoły to go to school

- Anna już wyszła do pracy Anne has already left for work

- podejść do kogoś to come up to a. approach sb

- chodźmy do mnie let’s go to my place

- przyszedł do mnie wczoraj Robert Robert came to see me yesterday

- pójść do lekarza/dentysty/szewca/fryzjera to go to the doctor’s/dentist’s/cobbler’s/hairdresser’s

- pójść do prawnika to go and see a lawyer, to go to see a lawyer

- napisać do kogoś to write to sb

- rzucić/podać piłkę do kogoś to throw/pass a ball to sb

- zatelefonować/zwrócić się do kogoś to phone/address sb

- celować/strzelić do kogoś to aim/shoot at sb

- odprowadzić kogoś do drzwi to see sb to the door

- piąć się do góry to climb up

- podnieść rękę do góry to put one’s hand up

- ręce do góry! hands up!

- włosy zaczesane do góry upswept hair

- odległość od punktu a do b the distance from A to B a. between A and B
2. (do środka) in, into
- wejść do pokoju/mieszkania to go into a. enter a room/flat

- wsiąść do samochodu to get into a car

- wsiąść do autobusu/pociągu/samolotu to get on(to) a. board a bus/a train/a plane

- włożyć coś do koperty/walizki/szafy/kieszeni to put sth in(to) an envelope/a suitcase/a wardrobe/one’s pocket

- wlać wodę do filiżanki/butelki/czajnika to pour water into a cup/bottle/kettle

- wsypać cukier do herbaty/kawy to put sugar in(to) one’s/sb’s tea/coffee

- wlać komuś coś do gardła to pour sth down sb’s throat
3. (z określeniami czasu) [pracować] till, until; [dostarczyć] by
- zostanę tutaj do jutra/poniedziałku/wiosny I’ll be here till a. until tomorrow/Monday/spring

- mieszkał w Krakowie do śmierci he lived in Cracow to the end of his life

- skończę tłumaczenie do środy I’ll finish the translation by Wednesday

- do rozpoczęcia meczu zostało pięć minut it’s/it was five minutes to the beginning of the match

- do jutra/do czwartku! see you tomorrow/Thursday!

- do widzenia a. zobaczenia! goodbye!; see you! pot.

- do tego czasu nie wolno ci wychodzić z domu until then you mustn’t go out

- do tego czasu skończymy malowanie by then we shall have finished the painting

- tradycja ta sięga wstecz do XVII wieku this tradition goes back to the seventeenth century

- do ostatniej chwili till the last moment, until the last

- wpół do drugiej/szóstej half past one/five
4. (do określonej granicy) (o ilości policzalnej) up to, as many as; (o ilości niepoliczalnej) up to, as much as; (o odległości) up to, as far as; (o wysokości) down/up to
- do dwudziestu pacjentów dziennie up to a. as many as twenty patients a day

- do 100 złotych up to a. as much as one hundred zlotys

- inflacja spadła z dziesięciu do siedmiu procent inflation went down from ten to seven per cent

- do tamtego drzewa up to a. as far as that tree

- do kolan [buty, spódnica] knee-length; [śnieg, woda] up to one’s knees; [warkocze, włosy] down to one’s knees

- od stu do dwustu ludzi/kilometrów from one hundred to two hundred people/kilometres, between one hundred and two hundred people/kilometres

- zmierzyć coś z dokładnością do milimetra to measure sth to within a. to an accuracy of one millimetre

- do ostatniego tchu to the last gasp

- do ostatniego człowieka to a man, to the last man
5. (przeznaczenie) for
- telefon/list do ciebie a phone call/letter for you

- piłka do drewna/metalu a saw for (cutting) wood/metal

- coś do jedzenia/picia something to eat/drink

- nie mieć nic do jedzenia/picia to have nothing to eat/drink

- do czego to jest? what is this for?

- „do czego używasz tej szmaty?” – „do mycia podłogi” ‘what do you use this rag for?’ – ‘for washing the floor’

- to nie jest do zabawy that’s not for playing with

- kluczyki do samochodu car keys

- przybory do pisania writing implements

- pasta do butów/podłóg shoe/floor polish

- muzyka do tańca dance music

- miejsce do siedzienia/spania a place to sit/sleep

- opiekunka do dziecka a nanny a. childminder

- „zatrudnię gosposię do prowadzenia domu” ‘housekeeper wanted’

- jednostka do zadań specjalnych a commando unit

- asystent do specjalnych poruczeń a special assistant

- Komisja do Spraw Zbrodni Wojennych War Crimes Commission
6. (cel, zadanie) mieć lekcje do odrobienia to have (one’s) homework to do
- mieć coś do zrobienia a. do roboty to have something to do

- nie masz nic lepszego do roboty? haven’t you got anything better to do?

- mamy kilka spraw do omówienia we’ve got a few things to discuss

- sekretarka przyniosła mu dokumenty do podpisania the secretary brought him some documents to sign

- sprawę przekazano do ponownego rozpatrzenia the case was sent back a. returned for reconsideration

- czy masz coś do prania/prasowania? have you got anything that needs to be washed/ironed?

- wziąć się do pracy to get down to work

- oddałem buty do naprawy I took the shoes in to be repaired

- pozowała mu do portretu she was sitting for him
7. (wyrażające możność lub niemożność) do/nie do naprawienia repairable/irrepairable
- możliwy/niemożliwy do zrealizowania feasible/unfeasible

- nienadający się do jedzenia uneatable

- wyrażenie nie do przetłumaczenia an untranslatable phrase

- hałas nie do wytrzymania unbearable noise

- przeszkody nie do pokonania insurmountable obstacles

- propozycja nie do przyjęcia an unacceptable proposal

- to jest nie do załatwienia this is impossible (to arrange)
8. (z wyrażeniami uczucia) for, to, towards
- miłość/szacunek do kogoś love/respect for sb

- nienawiść do kogoś hatred for a. of sb

- jego stosunek do rodziców/pracy his attitude towards his parents/to(wards) (his) work

- mieć a. odczuwać wstręt do pająków to hate a. be afraid of spiders

- tęsknić do czegoś to long a. yearn for sth
9. (przynależność) to
- należeć do stowarzyszenia to belong to a. to be a member of an association

- należeć do partii to be a member of a party

- od dziesięciu lat należy do Partii Zielonych he’s been a member of the Green Party for ten years

- zapisać się do chóru/klubu to join a choir/club

- zaciągnąć się do wojska to enlist in the army

- zaliczać kogoś do swoich przyjaciół to count sb among one’s friends
10. (przyłączenie) to
- przymocować/przywiązać coś do czegoś to attach/tie sth to sth

- dodatek do pensji an allowance a. bonus on top of sb’s wages/salary

- był przystojny, do tego jeszcze nie stary he was good looking, and not so old either

- do tego wszystkiego (na domiar złego) on top of all that
11. (w porównaniach) to, with
- porównać kogoś/coś do kogoś/czegoś to compare sb/sth to sb/sth

- a do b tak się ma jak x do y a to b is like x to y
12. (określając proporcje) to
- mapa w skali 1 do 2500 a map on a scale of 1 to 2500

- makieta w skali jeden do pięciu a one-fifth scale model

- Legia wygrała dwa do jednego Legia won 2-1
13. (w wyrażeniach wykrzyknikowych) do broni! to arms!
- do łóżka, ale już! off to bed now!

- do roboty! let’s get down to work!; let’s go! pot.

■ co ci do tego? what’s it got to do with you?; what business is it of yours? pot.

- jemu nic do naszych spraw he has no business interfering in our affairs

- do niczego pot. rotten pot.; useless

The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > do1

14 uno

pron.

1 one, one item.

2 one, oneself, one man.

m.

one, number one.

pres.indicat.

1^st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: unir.

* * *

uno

► adjetivo

1 (numeral) one

■ el número uno number one

► pronombre

1 one

■ uno (de ellos) one of them

2 (impersonal) one, you

■ uno tiene que velar por sus intereses one has to look after one's own interests

3 familiar (persona) someone, somebody

■ estaba hablando con una he was talking to some woman

► nombre masculino uno

1 (número) one

► nombre femenino la una

1 (hora) one o'clock

► adjetivo pl unos,-as

1 (indefinido) some; (aproximado) about, around

■ unas cajas some boxes

■ habrá unos treinta there must be around thirty

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

a (la) una together

de uno,-a en uno,-a one by one

hacerle una a alguien to play a dirty trick on somebody

me dieron una buena I got a really good thrashing

uno,-a a uno,-a one by one

una de dos it's either one thing or the other

uno,-a y no más (Santo Tomás) once bitten, twice shy

————————

uno

► nombre masculino

1 (número) one

► nombre femenino

* * *
1. noun m.
one, number one
2. (f. - una)
adj.

one
3. = una, pron.
one

- uno y otro

- unos II

- unas II

- unos y otros

* * *

SF ABR Nic
= Unión Nacional Opositora
* * *
I
una adjetivo

1)

a) ( refiriéndose al número) one

no había ni un asiento libre — there wasn't one empty seat o a single empty seat

me costó un dólar y pico — it cost me a dollar something

treinta y un pasajeros — thirty-one passengers

cuarenta y una mujeres — forty-one women

b) uno (pospuesto al n) one

el capítulo/número uno — chapter/number one

2) ( único)

la solución es una — there's only one solution

Dios es uno — God is one

ser uno y lo mismo or ser todo uno: vernos y empezar a pelear es uno y lo mismo — as soon as we see each other we start arguing
II
una pronombre

1) ( numeral) one

entraban de a uno/una — they were going in one at a time o one by one

es de tres por uno — it is three meters (long) by one (wide)

uno a or por uno — one by one

es la una — it's one o'clock

más de uno/una — (fam)

más de una va a lamentar su partida — there'll be quite a few sorry to see him go (colloq)

eso le molestó a más de uno — that annoyed quite a few people o a number of people

(ni) una — (fam) not a thing (colloq)

no dar una — (fam)

los meteorólogos no dan una — the weathermen just never get it right (colloq)

no doy ni una — I can't get a thing right (colloq)

una de dos — one thing or the other; ver tb una

2) ( personal) (sing) one; (pl) some

uno es profesor y el otro estudiante — one's a teacher and the other's a student

¿te gustaron? - unos sí, otros no — did you like them? - some I did, others I didn't

se envidian el uno al otro — they're jealous of each other

se ayudan los unos a los otros — they help one another

ser uno/una de tantos/tantas — to be nothing special

3) (fam) ( alguien) (m) some guy (colloq); (f) some woman (colloq)

les pregunté a unos que estaban allí — I asked some people who were there

4) ( uso impersonal)

a) ( como sujeto) you

uno no sabe qué decir — you don't o (frml) one doesn't know what to say

aquí se sirve uno mismo — here you serve yourself

b) ( como complemento) you

nunca le dicen nada a uno — they don't tell you anything

los demás lo critican a uno — people like to criticize (one)
III
masculino (number) one; para ejemplos ver cinco

del uno — (Chi fam)

pasarlo del uno — to have a great time (colloq)

estar del uno — ( hablando - de persona) to be hot stuff; (- de comida) to be delicious

hacer del uno — (Méx, Per fam) to have a pee (colloq)

* * *
I
una adjetivo

1)

a) ( refiriéndose al número) one

no había ni un asiento libre — there wasn't one empty seat o a single empty seat

me costó un dólar y pico — it cost me a dollar something

treinta y un pasajeros — thirty-one passengers

cuarenta y una mujeres — forty-one women

b) uno (pospuesto al n) one

el capítulo/número uno — chapter/number one

2) ( único)

la solución es una — there's only one solution

Dios es uno — God is one

ser uno y lo mismo or ser todo uno: vernos y empezar a pelear es uno y lo mismo — as soon as we see each other we start arguing
II
una pronombre

1) ( numeral) one

entraban de a uno/una — they were going in one at a time o one by one

es de tres por uno — it is three meters (long) by one (wide)

uno a or por uno — one by one

es la una — it's one o'clock

más de uno/una — (fam)

más de una va a lamentar su partida — there'll be quite a few sorry to see him go (colloq)

eso le molestó a más de uno — that annoyed quite a few people o a number of people

(ni) una — (fam) not a thing (colloq)

no dar una — (fam)

los meteorólogos no dan una — the weathermen just never get it right (colloq)

no doy ni una — I can't get a thing right (colloq)

una de dos — one thing or the other; ver tb una

2) ( personal) (sing) one; (pl) some

uno es profesor y el otro estudiante — one's a teacher and the other's a student

¿te gustaron? - unos sí, otros no — did you like them? - some I did, others I didn't

se envidian el uno al otro — they're jealous of each other

se ayudan los unos a los otros — they help one another

ser uno/una de tantos/tantas — to be nothing special

3) (fam) ( alguien) (m) some guy (colloq); (f) some woman (colloq)

les pregunté a unos que estaban allí — I asked some people who were there

4) ( uso impersonal)

a) ( como sujeto) you

uno no sabe qué decir — you don't o (frml) one doesn't know what to say

aquí se sirve uno mismo — here you serve yourself

b) ( como complemento) you

nunca le dicen nada a uno — they don't tell you anything

los demás lo critican a uno — people like to criticize (one)
III
masculino (number) one; para ejemplos ver cinco

del uno — (Chi fam)

pasarlo del uno — to have a great time (colloq)

estar del uno — ( hablando - de persona) to be hot stuff; (- de comida) to be delicious

hacer del uno — (Méx, Per fam) to have a pee (colloq)

* * *

uno¹ (1)

= one (1).

Ex: Legal advice centres are usually run and staffed part-time by groups of solicitors working to a rota system and open one or two evenings a week.

* a excepción de uno = with one exception.

* dos no se pelean si uno no quiere = it takes two to tangle, it takes two to tango, it takes two to make a quarrel.

* enemigo público número uno = public enemy number one.

* en uno o dos segundos = in an instant or two.

* número uno = number one.

* que sólo se hace una vez = once-off.

* que tiene lugar una vez a la semana = once-weekly.

* todo en uno = all in one.

* una cuarta parte = one-quarter (1/4), one in four.

* una cuarta parte (1/4) = one fourth (1/4).

* una cuarta parte de = a fourth of.

* una décima parte = one tenth [one-tenth], one in ten.

* una imagen vale más que mil palabras = a picture is worth more than ten thousand words.

* una imagen vale mil palabras = every picture tells a story.

* una manzana podrida echar a perder el resto de la cesta = one rotten apple spoils the whole barrel.

* un año antes de = a year ahead of.

* un año antes de lo previsto = a year ahead of schedule.

* una octava parte = one in eight.

* una pieza más en el engranaje = a cog in the wheel, a cog in the machine.

* una pieza más en la organización = a cog in the wheel, a cog in the machine.

* una quinta parte = one-fifth [one fifth], one in five.

* una quinta parte de = a fifth of.

* una tajada = a slice of the cake.

* una tercera parte = one third (1/3), one in three.

* una vez = once, one time.

* una vez al año = annually, once a year.

* una vez a la semana = once a week.

* una vez al mes = once a month.

* una vez cada dos semanas = once a fortnight.

* una vez en la vida = once in a lifetime.

* una vez en + Posesivo + vida = once in + Posesivo + lifetime.

* una vez más = again, yet again.

* una vez que = when.

* una y otra vez = over and over, repeatedly, repetitively, time after time, time and time again, again and again, time and again, over and over again.

* un cuarto (1/4) = one fourth (1/4).

* uno a cero = one down.

* uno a uno = in turn, one at a time, one by one, on a one-to-one basis, one for one.

* un octavo = one in eight.

* uno de cada cinco = one in five.

* uno de cada cuatro = one in four.

* uno de cada diez = one in ten.

* uno de cada ocho = one in eight.

* uno de cada tres = one in three.

* uno de los dos investigadores principales = co-principal investigator.

* uno de los padres = parent.

* uno de más = one too many.

* uno de sobra = one too many.

* uno de tantos en la organización = a cog in the wheel.

* uno entre mil = one of a thousand.

* uno más de tantos en la organización = a cog in the machine.

* uno por uno = in turn, one by one.

* uno tras otro = in turn, one after the other, sequentially, one after another.

* un quinto (1/5) = one-fifth [one fifth].

* un tercio = one in three.

* un tercio (1/3) = one third (1/3), a third (1/3).

uno³

= one.

Nota: Cualquier persona.

Ex: None of these labels is entirely accurate, in that some packages which one would want to include in this category do not match one or other of these labels.

* aprender el uno del otro = learn from + one another.

* escogido por uno mismo = self-chosen.

* hecho el uno para el otro = made for each other.

* hecho por uno mismo = self-made.

* imagen de uno mismo = self-presentation.

* impuesto por uno mismo = self-imposed.

* la personificación de la confianza en uno mismo = confidence personified.

* por parte de uno = on + Posesivo + part.

* por uno mismo = on + Posesivo + own.

* presentación de uno mismo = self-presentation.

* todos y cada uno = in full force.

* uno mismo = oneself.

* valérselas por uno mismo = negotiate + Posesivo + way.

* * *

uno¹ una

adjective

A

1 (refiriéndose al número) one

quiero una manzana, no un kilo I want one apple, not a kilo

niños de entre uno y cinco años de edad children between the ages of one and five

no había ni un asiento libre there wasn't one empty seat o a single empty seat

me costó un dólar y pico/una libra y pico it cost me a dollar something/one pound something

treinta y un pasajeros thirty-one passengers

cuarenta y una mujeres forty-one women

cuesta ciento un pesos/ciento una libras it costs a hundred and one pesos/pounds

cincuenta y un mil euros fifty-one thousand euros

2 uno (pospuesto al n) one

el capítulo/la sala uno chapter/room one

B

1

(único): la solución es una there's only one solution

2

(único e indivisible): Dios es uno God is one

ser uno y lo mismo: llegar mi hermano y empezar a pelearnos es uno y lo mismo as soon as o the minute my brother arrives we start arguing

uno² una

pronoun

A (numeral) one

12 votos a favor y uno en contra 12 votes in favor and one against

¿quieres media o una entera? do you want a half or a whole one?

iban entrando de a uno/una they were going in one at a time o one by one

un pasillo de tres por uno a corridor three meters (long) by one (wide)

los revisé uno por uno I went through them one by one

es la una it's one o'clock

hoy es uno de abril ( esp Esp); today is the first of April

más de uno/una ( fam): más de una va a lamentar su partida there'll be quite a few sorry to see him go ( colloq)

eso le debe haber molestado a más de uno that must have annoyed quite a few people o a number of people

(ni) una ( fam); not a thing ( colloq)

a ése no se le va (ni) una he doesn't miss a thing

no le aguanta (ni) una al marido she won't put up with any nonsense from her husband

no dar or ( Chi) ver (ni) una ( fam): los meteorólogos no dan or ven ni una the weathermen just never get it right ( colloq)

no doy or veo una I can't get a thing right ( colloq), I can't seem to get anything right

una de dos one thing or the other

ver tb una

una y no más, Santo Tomás ( Esp fam): lo pasamos horrible, una y no más, Santo Tomás we had a terrible time, never again!

¿puedo comer una? — bueno, pero una y no más, Santo Tomás can I have one? — OK, but just one and that's your lot o and no more ( colloq)

B (personal) ( sing) one; (pl) some

uno es profesor y el otro estudiante one's a teacher o one of them is a teacher and the other's a student

tiene cuatro dormitorios pero uno (de ellos) es diminuto it has four bedrooms but one of them is tiny

¿te gustaron sus cuadros? — unos sí, otros no did you like his paintings? — some I did o I liked some, others I didn't

se envidian el uno al otro they're jealous of each other

se ayudan los unos a los otros they help one another

ser uno/una de tantos/tantas to be nothing special, be pretty ordinary, be run-of-the-mill

C ( fam) (alguien) ( masculine) some man ( colloq), this man ( colloq); ( feminine) some woman ( colloq), this woman ( colloq)

les preguntamos a unos que estaban allí we asked some o ( colloq) these people who were there

D

(uso impersonal): restaurantes donde se sirve uno mismo restaurants where you serve yourself o ( frml) one serves oneself

¡qué horror cuando le dicen a uno que está gordo! or a una que está gorda! isn't it awful when people tell you you're fat!

uno³

masculine

[ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ]

one, number one para ejemplos ver cinco¹ (↑ cinco (1)), cinco² (↑ cinco (2))

del uno ( Chi fam): le va del uno he's doing brilliantly

lo pasamos del uno we had a great time ( colloq)

hacer del uno (Méx, Per fam); to have a pee ( colloq)

* * *

Del verbo unir: ( conjugate unir)

uno es:

1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

Multiple Entries:
unir
uno
unir ( conjugate unir) verbo transitivo
1
a) ‹ cables› to join;

(con cola, pegamento) to stick … together;
‹ esfuerzos› to combine
b) [sentimientos/intereses] to unite

c) ‹características/cualidades/estilos› to combine;

uno algo a algo to combine sth with sth
2 ( comunicar) ‹ lugares› to link
3 ( fusionar) ‹empresas/organizaciones› to merge
unirse verbo pronominal
1 ( aliarse) [personas/colectividades] to join together;
◊ se unió a nuestra causa he joined our cause

2 ( juntarse) [ caminos] to converge, meet
3 ( fusionarse) [empresas/organizaciones] to merge
uno 1,
◊ una adjetivo uno becomes un before a masculine noun or noun phrase one;

no había ni un asiento libre there wasn't one empty seat o a single empty seat;
treinta y un pasajeros thirty-one passengers;
el capítulo uno chapter one
■ pronombre
1 ( numeral) one;
uno a or por uno one by one;
◊ es la una it's one o'clock;

más de uno/una (fam) quite a few
2 ( personal) ( sing) one;
(pl) some;
◊ uno es mío, el otro no one's mine, the other isn't;

¿te gustaron? — unos sí, otros no did you like them? — some I did, others I didn't;
se ayudan los unos a los otros they help one another
3 (fam) ( alguien) (m) some guy (colloq);
(f) some woman (colloq);
◊ les pregunté a unos que estaban allí I asked some people who were there

4 ( uso impersonal) you;
◊ uno no sabe qué decir you don't o (frml) one doesn't know what to say;

nunca le dicen nada a uno they don't tell you anything
uno 2 sustantivo masculino
(number) one;
para ejemplos ver
◊ cinco

unir verbo transitivo
1 (cables, conexiones) to join, unite
2 (esfuerzos, intereses) to join
(asociar, fusionar) unieron sus empresas, they merged their companies
3 (comunicar) to link: ese camino une las dos aldeas, that path links the two villages
uno,-a
I adjetivo
1 (cardinal) one
una manzana y dos limones, one apple and two lemons
necesito unas zapatillas, I need a pair of slippers
unos árboles, some trees
2 (ordinal) first
el uno de cada mes, the first of every month
II pron one: falta uno más, we need one more
hubo uno que dijo que no, there was one person who said no
vi unas de color verde, I saw some green ones
uno de ellos, one of them
unos cuantos, a few: unos cuantos nos arriesgamos, some of us took the chance
el uno al otro, each other
III sustantivo femenino
1 (hora) comimos a la una, we had lunch at one o'clock
2 (impers) you, one: uno tiene que..., you have to...
IV m Mat one

' uno' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
andana
- anillo
- atenerse
- balancearse
- batalla
- cada
- cara
- cavar
- china
- concretamente
- consigo
- contaminante
- curso
- decirse
- encerrarse
- encima
- encogerse
- enfadarse
- enjabonar
- faltar
- generador
- lengua
- mal
- menos
- mí
- misma
- mismo
- mundialmente
- nuestra
- nuestro
- pantalón
- pelarse
- pensamiento
- pequeña
- pequeño
- presentarse
- rasgo
- resbalar
- reunir
- salir
- satisfecha
- satisfecho
- seguida
- seguido
- sí
- tema
- tocarse
- toda
- todo
- trece
English:
after
- airport
- also
- another
- apart
- apiece
- awe-inspiring
- blind
- bookworm
- celebrated
- charity
- colour
- come
- count out
- cow
- defeat
- deserts
- die off
- diffidence
- distrust
- do-it-yourself
- double back
- drool
- drop
- each
- either
- every
- fall away
- fascinating
- field
- first
- give
- have
- have up
- heel
- hoot
- house
- individual
- keep
- lad
- lose
- match
- mind
- name
- neither
- nil
- number one
- object
- odds
- of

* * *

uno, -a Un is used instead of uno before singular masculine nouns (e.g. un perro a dog; un coche a car).

♦ adj

1. [indefinido] one;

un día volveré one o some day I'll return;

unos cuantos a few

2. [numeral] one;

un hombre, un voto one man, one vote;

una hora y media an hour and a half, one and a half hours;

treinta y un días thirty-one days;

cincuenta y una páginas fifty-one pages

3. [después de sustantivo] [con valor ordinal] one;

la fila/página uno row/page one;
ver también tres
♦ pron

1. [indefinido, numeral] one;

toma uno take one;

uno de ellos one of them;

de uno en uno, uno a uno, uno por uno one by one;

uno contra uno [en baloncesto] one on one;

uno más uno [en baloncesto] one and one;

juntar varias cosas en una to combine several things into one;

más de uno piensa que es una mala decisión more than a few people o no small number of people think it's a bad decision;

uno de tantos one of many;

unos estaban a favor, otros en contra some were in favour, others (were) against;

uno a otro, el uno al otro each other, one another;

se miraron el uno al otro they looked at each other o one another;

(los) unos a (los) otros each other, one another;

se odian los unos a los otros they hate each other o one another;

uno y otro [ambos] both (of them);

unos y otros [todos] all of them;

¡a la una, a las dos y a las tres! [en carrera] ready, steady, go!;
[al saltar, lanzarse] one, two, three!;
Comp

lo uno por lo otro it all evens out in the end;

Comp

una de dos it's either one thing or the other;

Comp

una y no más once was enough, once bitten, twice shy

2. Fam [cierta persona] someone, somebody;

hablé con uno que te conoce I spoke to someone o somebody who knows you;

conocí a una de Tijuana I met a woman from Tijuana;

me lo han contado unos certain people told me so

3. [yo] one;

uno ya no está para estos trotes one isn't really up to this sort of thing any more

4. [con valor impersonal] you;

se trabaja mucho, pero uno se termina acostumbrando it's hard work but you get used to it eventually;

hay que tener confianza en uno mismo you have to believe in yourself

♦ nm

(number) one;

el uno number one;

el número termina en uno the number ends in a one;
ver también tres
* * *

uno

I pron

1 one;

es la una it’s one o’clock;

uno a uno, uno por uno, de uno en uno one by one;

una de dos one thing or the other

2 personal en singular someone, somebody;

me lo dijo uno someone o somebody told me

3 personal en plural

:

unos cuantos a few, some;

unos y otros everyone;

unos niños some children;

unos a otros one another, each other

4 impersonal you, one fml ;

¿qué puede uno hacer? what can you o one fml

do?

5 aproximación

:

unas mil pesetas about a thousand pesetas;

unos 20 kilómetros about 20 kilometers, some 20 kilometers

6

:

a una at the same time;

una y no más never again;

no dar ni una fam not get anything right

7 en baloncesto

:

uno contra uno one on one;

uno más uno one-and-one

II art

:

unos niños some children

III m one;

el uno de enero January first, the first of January

* * *

uno, una adj, ( un before masculine singular nouns) : one

una silla: one chair

tiene treinta y un años: he's thirty-one years old

el tomo uno: volume one

uno nm

: one, number one

uno, una pron

1) : one (number)

uno por uno: one by one

es la una: it's one o'clock

2) : one (person or thing)

una es mejor que las otras: one (of them) is better than the others

hacerlo uno mismo: to do it oneself

3) unos, unas pl

: some (ones), some people

4)

uno y otro : both

5)

unos y otros : all of them

6)

el uno al otro : one another, each other

se enseñaron los unos a los otros: they taught each other

* * *

uno¹ adj one

sólo tengo una hermana I've only got one sister

uno² num

1. (en general) one

2. (en fechas) first

el uno de noviembre the first of November

es la una it's one o'clock

uno³ pron

1. (en general) one

aquí hay uno here's one

2. (alguien) somebody

me lo dijo uno de la clase somebody in the class told me

3. (la gente) you / one

en estos casos uno no sabe qué hacer you don't know what to do in these situations

de uno en uno one by one

Spanish-English dictionary > uno

15 od

, ode praep. 1. (z miejsca, z kierunku) from
- od zachodu/południa from the west/south

- wiatr od morza the wind from the sea

- wieje od drzwi there’s a draught from the door

- od jeziora dochodził rechot żab the croaking of frogs could be heard from the lake

- od schroniska idziemy żółtym szlakiem from the hostel we take the yellow trail

- właśnie wracałam od dentysty I was just on my way back from the dentist

- goście wstali od stołu the guests got up from the table

- odległość od drzwi do okna the distance from the door to the window a. between the door and the window

- chodzić od wsi do wsi/od sklepu do sklepu to go from village to village/from shop to shop
2. (określające położenie) from
- sto metrów od ratusza a hundred metres from the town hall

- od wewnątrz/zewnątrz from the inside/outside

- druga półka od dołu/góry the second shelf from the bottom/top, the second shelf up/down

- piąty wagon od końca the fifth carriage from the end

- okna od ulicy/podwórza the front/back windows

- na południe od Krakowa (to the) south of Cracow
3. (wskazujące na oddzielenie) from
- oddzielić coś od czegoś to separate sth from sth

- nie mógł oderwać się od książki he couldn’t tear himself away from the book

- odejmij pięć od trzynastu subtract five from thirteen

- oddziel mięso od kości bone the meat

- zwolnienia od podatku tax exemptions

- stronić od kogoś/czegoś to avoid a. shun sb/sth
4. (określające pochodzenie) from
- list od brata a letter from one’s brother

- azjatyckie bydło pochodzące od tura Asian cattled descended from the aurochs

- pożyczyć/kupić coś od kogoś to borrow/buy sth from sb

- dostała ode mnie książkę she got a book from me

- zaraził się odrą ode mnie he caught the measles from me
5. (określające moment początkowy) from; (w przeszłości) since
- od tej chwili from that moment on

- od jutra from tomorrow, as of a. from tomorrow

- od poniedziałku/marca since (last) Monday/March

- od dzieciństwa a. od dziecka cierpiała na alergię she’d suffered from an allergy since childhood a. since she was a child

- od jak dawna tu mieszkasz? how long have you lived a. been living here?
6. (określające czas trwania) for
- od roku/trzech tygodni for a year/three weeks

- od dawna for a long time

- od jakiegoś czasu for some time
7. (określające dolną granicę) from
- od drugiej do piątej po południu from two p.m. till five p.m., between two p.m. and five p.m.

- od poniedziałku do środy from Monday to Wednesday

- zaprosimy od 50 do 60 osób we’ll invite (from) 50 to 60 people

- ceny wahają się od stu do pięciuset złotych prices range from a hundred to five hundred zlotys

- od 1000 złotych w górę from 1,000 zlotys up a. upwards

- można tu kupić wszystko: od śrubek po komputery you can buy everything here – from screws to computers
8. (określające przyczynę) from, with
- trawa mokra od rosy grass wet with a. from dew

- oczy czerwone od płaczu eyes red from crying a. tears

- jego twarz rozpalona od gorączki his face flushed with fever

- ochrypł od krzyku he grew hoarse from a. with shouting

- bolał ją kręgosłup od dźwigania walizek her back ached from carrying the suitcases

- rury popękały od mrozu the pipes had burst from the cold

- dom zapalił się od pioruna the house was set on fire by lightning
9 (przeciwko) from
- chronić coś od słońca/chłodu to protect sth from sunlight/cold

- oganiać się od komarów to fight off gnats

- być ubezpieczonym od pożaru/kradzieży to be insured against fire/theft

- uchylać się od czegoś to shirk sth
10 (określające przeznaczenie) dziurka od klucza a keyhole
- guziki od marynarki jacket buttons

- kluczyki od samochodu car keys

- okulary od słońca sunglasses

- pasek od zegarka a watch strap

- tabletki od bólu głowy headache pills a. tablets

- syrop od kaszlu cough mixture a. syrup

- od czego jest ta śrubka? where does this screw come from?
11 (określające specjalizację) pan od matematyki/angielskiego the maths/English teacher
- ekspert od informatyki an expert in computer science

- fachowiec a. spec pot. od naprawy starych zegarów an expert at repairing old clocks

- policja jest od tego, żeby zaprowadzić w mieście porządek it’s the job of the police to restore order in the city

- nie jestem od tego, żeby was pouczać it’s not up to me to lecture you
12 (niż) than
- to mieszkanie jest mniejsze od waszego this flat is smaller than yours

- ona jest starsza od brata o dwa lata she’s two years older than her brother

- wyszedł wcześniej ode mnie he left earlier than I did
13 (podstawa obliczenia) by, per
- płatny od wiersza/godziny paid by the line/hour

- 50 złotych od metra 50 zlotys a metre
14 pot. wyzywać kogoś a. wymyślać komuś od idiotów/kanalii to call sb an idiot/a scumbag pot.
* * *

prep

(+gen) ( kierunek) from

od okna — from the window

od zachodu — from the west

na zachód od Polski — west of Poland, ( czas trwania) for

od trzech dni — for three days

od dawna — for a long time, ( początek) since

od poniedziałku — since Monday

od wczoraj — since yesterday

od jutra — starting tomorrow, as of lub from tomorrow

od poniedziałku do piątku — Monday to Friday (BRIT), Monday through Friday (US)

od rana do nocy — from morning till night, ( odległość) (away) from

100 metrów od brzegu — a hundred meters off lub away from the shore, ( dolna granica zakresu) from

od trzech do czterech godzin dziennie — (from) three to four hours a day, ( początkowa granica skali) (starting) from

od wierszy (aż) po powieści — from poems to novels, ( przyczyna) with, from

twarz mokra od łez/potu — face damp with tears/sweat

ochrypł od krzyku — his voice grew hoarse from shouting, ( pochodzenie) from

list od mojego brata — a letter from my brother ( przeznaczenie)

kluczyki od samochodu — car keys

pudełko od zapałek — matchbox

syrop od kaszlu — cough mixture

ubezpieczenie od ognia/kradzieży — insurance against theft/fire ( specjalizacja)

nauczyciel od angielskiego — English teacher

fachowiec od lodówek — fridge technician, ( przy porównaniach) than

ona jest starsza od brata — she is older than her brother

on jest wyższy ode mnie — he is taller than me lub I

cena od sztuki — item price

praca płatna od godziny — work paid by the hour

zwolnienie od podatku — tax remission

odstępstwo od reguły — exception to the rule

* * *

od

prep.

+ Gen.

1. ( przy określaniu kierunku) from; od drzwi from the door; od wschodu from the east; okno od ulicy front window.

2. ( przy określaniu trwania) for; od pięciu lat for five years; od dawna for a long time.

3. ( przy określaniu punktu początkowego) from, since; od świtu do nocy from dawn till dusk; od a do zet from A to Z; od rana do wieczora all day long; od stóp do głów from head l. crown l. top to toe l. foot; od początku do końca from the start till the end; od dziecka since childhood; od wtorku since Tuesday; od poniedziałku do piątku Monday through Friday.

4. ( przy wyrażaniu strony) from; od lewej do prawej from the left to the right.

5. ( przy określaniu punktu wyjściowego) (away) from; 500 kilometrów od Nowego Jorku 500 kilometers away from New York.

6. ( przy określaniu dolnej granicy) from; od czterech do pięciu minut from four to five minutes; od 100 do 150 dolarów from 100 to 150 dollars.

7. ( przy określaniu przyczyny) with, from; czoło mokre od potu forehead damp with sweat.

8. ( przy określaniu pochodzenia) from; list od mojej dziewczyny letter from my girlfriend; wiedzieć coś od kogoś know sth from sb.

9. ( przy określaniu przeznaczenia) for; dziurka od klucza keyhole; tabletka od bólu głowy headache pill, painkiller.

10. ( przy określaniu specjalizacji) nauczyciel od angielskiego English teacher, teacher of English; fachowiec od komputerów computer technician.

11. ( przy porównaniach) than; lepszy od kogoś better than sb.

12. ( przy wyrażaniu odejścia od czegoś) from, to; zwolnienie od opłat exemption from charges; odstępstwo od reguły exception to the rule.

13. ( przy wyrażaniu czynnika) by; stawka od godziny hourly rate; cena od sztuki item l. unit price; praca płatna od godziny work paid by the hour; czegoś jest od metra pot. there's loads l. plenty of sth, there's shitloads of sth.

14. ( przy wyrażaniu powtarzalności) from; od domu do domu from house to house.

The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > od

16 calcular

adj.

calculary, related to calculus or stones.

v.

1 to calculate (cantidades).

calcular mal to miscalculate

2 to reckon.

le calculo sesenta años I reckon he's about sixty

3 to imagine.

calcula la sorpresa que se llevó cuando se lo dijimos just imagine how surprised he was when we told him

* * *

calcular

► verbo transitivo

1 to calculate, work out

■ calcular una suma to calculate a figure

2 (evaluar) to estimate, calculate

■ calcular los daños to estimate the damage

3 (suponer) to think, suppose, figure, guess

■ calculo que vendrá mañana I suppose she'll come tomorrow

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

calculando por lo bajo at the lowest estimate

* * *

verb

1) to calculate

2) reckon, estimate

* * *

VT

1) (Mat) [exactamente] to calculate, work out

debes calcular la cantidad exacta — you must calculate o work out the exact number

calcular la distancia entre dos puntos — to calculate o work out the distance between two points

calculé mal la distancia y me caí — I misjudged the distance and fell

2) [estimativamente]

calcular que — to reckon (that)

calculo que debe de tener unos cuarenta años — I reckon o ( esp EEUU) figure he must be about 40 (years old)

¿cuánto calculas que puede costar? — how much do you reckon it might cost?

se calcula que habrá unos diez heridos — about ten people are estimated to have been wounded

calculo que llegará mañana — I reckon o ( esp EEUU) figure he'll come tomorrow

3) (=planear) to work out, figure out

lo calculó todo hasta el más mínimo detalle — he worked o figured it all out down to the last detail

4) * (=imaginar)

-¿tienes ganas de ir? -¡calcula! — "are you looking forward to going?" - "what do you think? o you bet (I am)!" *

5) (Arquit) [+ puente, bóveda] to design, plan

* * *

verbo transitivo

1)

a) (Mat) <precio/cantidad> to calculate, work out

calculando por lo bajo — at a conservative estimate

calculé mal — I miscalculated

b) (considerar, conjeturar) to reckon

yo le calculo unos sesenta años — I reckon o guess he's about sixty

se calcula que asistieron más de cien personas — over a hundred people are estimated to have attended

c) (fam) ( imaginar) to imagine

calcula mi sorpresa — imagine how surprised I was

debes estar contento - calcula! — you must be pleased - you bet!

2) ( planear) to work out

lo tenía todo calculado — he had it all worked out

un gesto calculado — a calculated gesture

* * *

= calculate, compute, tote up, tot up.

Ex. If the initial question mark in this field is not replaced, the number of characters to be skipped will be calculated by the system.

Ex. There will always be plenty of things to compute in the detailed affairs of millions of people doing complicated things.

Ex. When you tote up the carbon emissions caused by clearing land to grow corn, fertilizing it and transporting it, corn ethanol leaves twice the carbon footprint as gasoline.

Ex. Babies cry for an average of five hours a day for the first three months and tot up 51 days in their first year, according to survey.

----

* calcular el costo = cost.

* calcular la cuenta = tot up, tote up.

* calcular los costes = cost out.

* calcular mal = misjudge, miscalculate.

* calcular un riesgo = calculate + risk.

* tabla de calcular = ready reckoner, reckoner.

* volver a calcular = recalculation.

* * *

verbo transitivo

1)

a) (Mat) <precio/cantidad> to calculate, work out

calculando por lo bajo — at a conservative estimate

calculé mal — I miscalculated

b) (considerar, conjeturar) to reckon

yo le calculo unos sesenta años — I reckon o guess he's about sixty

se calcula que asistieron más de cien personas — over a hundred people are estimated to have attended

c) (fam) ( imaginar) to imagine

calcula mi sorpresa — imagine how surprised I was

debes estar contento - calcula! — you must be pleased - you bet!

2) ( planear) to work out

lo tenía todo calculado — he had it all worked out

un gesto calculado — a calculated gesture

* * *

= calculate, compute, tote up, tot up.

Ex: If the initial question mark in this field is not replaced, the number of characters to be skipped will be calculated by the system.

Ex: There will always be plenty of things to compute in the detailed affairs of millions of people doing complicated things.

Ex: When you tote up the carbon emissions caused by clearing land to grow corn, fertilizing it and transporting it, corn ethanol leaves twice the carbon footprint as gasoline.

Ex: Babies cry for an average of five hours a day for the first three months and tot up 51 days in their first year, according to survey.

* calcular el costo = cost.

* calcular la cuenta = tot up, tote up.

* calcular los costes = cost out.

* calcular mal = misjudge, miscalculate.

* calcular un riesgo = calculate + risk.

* tabla de calcular = ready reckoner, reckoner.

* volver a calcular = recalculation.

* * *

calcular [A1 ]

vt

A

1 ( Mat) ‹precio/cantidad› to calculate, work out

calculando por lo bajo at a conservative estimate

calculé mal la distancia I misjudged o miscalculated the distance, I didn't judge the distance right

2

(considerar, conjeturar): calculo que estaremos de vuelta a eso de las seis I should think o I would estimate we'll be back around six, at a guess we should be back around six

¿cuánto tiempo calculas que tardarán? how long do you reckon o suppose o think it'll take them?

yo le calculo unos sesenta años I should think he's about sixty, I reckon o guess he's about sixty

se calcula que más de cien personas perdieron la vida over a hundred people are estimated to have lost their lives

3 ( fam) (imaginar) to imagine

calcula el disgusto que se habrán llevado imagine o just think how upset they must have been

tendrás muchas ganas de volver a verlo — ¡calcula! I expect you're really looking forward to seeing him again — you bet! o what do you think?

B (planear) to work out

lo tenía todo calculado he had it all worked out

con un gesto calculado with a calculated gesture

C ‹puente/bóveda› to do the calculations for

* * *

calcular ( conjugate calcular) verbo transitivo
1
a) (Mat) to calculate, work out;

◊ calculé mal la distancia I miscalculated the distance

b) ( evaluar) ‹pérdidas/gastas› to estimate

c) ( conjeturar) to reckon, to guess (esp AmE);

◊ yo le calculo unos sesenta años I reckon o guess he's about sixty

d) ( imaginar) to imagine

2 ( planear) to work out;
◊ lo tenía todo calculado he had it all worked out

calcular verbo transitivo
1 Mat to calculate
2 (evaluar, estimar) to (make an) estimate: no supe calcular los riesgos, I was not able to determine the risks
calculé mal la distancia y me caí, I failed to gauge the distance and I fell
3 (conjeturar) to reckon, guess: calculo que mañana podré ir al museo, I guess I'll be able to go to the museum tomorrow
' calcular' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
cifrar
- echar
- estimar
- presupuestar
- tantear
- triangular
- medir
English:
assess
- average
- calculate
- compute
- cost
- estimate
- make
- miscalculate
- misjudge
- put
- reckon
- time
- work out
- figure
- gauge
- judge
- measure
- work

* * *

calcular vt

1. [cantidades] to calculate;

calcular la raíz cuadrada de un número to calculate o extract the square root of a number;

calcular un puente/una bóveda to do the calculations involved in building a bridge/a vault;

calcular mal to miscalculate, to misjudge;

calcular a ojo to judge by eye;

calculando por lo alto, costará unos 2 millones it will cost about 2 million at the most o the outside;

¿podrías calcular por lo bajo cuánto tiempo haría falta? could you work out the minimum amount of time it would take?;

su fortuna se calcula en $20 millones he is estimated to be worth $20 million

2. [pensar, considerar]
está todo cuidadosamente calculado everything has been carefully worked out;

no calculó las consecuencias de sus actos she didn't foresee the consequences of her actions;

no calcularon bien el impacto de sus acciones they misjudged the effect their actions would have

3. [suponer] to reckon;

le calculo sesenta años I reckon o guess he's about sixty;

calculo que estará listo mañana I reckon o think it will be ready tomorrow

4. [imaginar] to imagine;

calcula la sorpresa que se llevó cuando se lo dijimos just imagine how surprised he was when we told him;

¿y se enfadó? – ¡calcula! was he angry? – well, what do you think?

* * *

calcular

v/t tb fig

calculate

* * *

calcular vt

1) : to calculate, to estimate

2) : to plan, to scheme

* * *

calcular vb

1. (en general) to calculate / to work out

¿sabes cómo calcular la superficie de un triángulo? do you know how to work out the area of a triangle?

2. (suponer) to reckon

¿cuántos años le calculas? how old do you reckon he is?

Spanish-English dictionary > calcular

17 mille

I.

mille¹ [mil]

1. invariable adjective

   a. ( = nombre) a thousand

• mille un a thousand and one

• trois mille three thousand

• deux mille neuf cents two thousand nine hundred

• page mille page one thousand

• l'an mille the year one thousand

• l'an deux mille the year two thousand

   b. ( = beaucoup de) je lui ai dit mille fois I've told him a thousand times

• tu as mille fois raison you're absolutely right

• c'est mille fois trop grand it's far too big

• mille excuses I'm terribly sorry

• le vase était en mille morceaux the vase was in smithereens

• mille et un problèmes a thousand and one problems

• je vous le donne en mille (inf) you'll never guess

2. invariable masculine noun

   a. ( = nombre) a thousand

• cinq enfants sur mille five children in every thousand

   b. [de cible] bull's-eye

• mettre dans le mille to score a bull's-eye

• tu as mis dans le mille en lui faisant ce cadeau you were bang on target (inf) with the present you gave him

   c. ( = mesure, mille marin) nautical mile ; (Canadian = mile) mile

II.

mille² [mil]

masculine noun

   a. ( = mesure) mille marin nautical mile

   b. (Canadian = 1 609 m) mile

* * *
mil
1.

adjectif invariable a thousand, one thousand

deux/trois mille — two/three thousand

2.

nom masculin invariable

1) Commerce, Mathématique a thousand, one thousand

2) Sport ( cible) bull's eye

mettre or taper dans le mille — lit to hit the bull's-eye; fig to hit the nail on the head

3.

nom masculin Nautisme

mille (marin or nautique) — (nautical) mile; Aviation (air) mile

4.

pour mille locution adjective per thousand

••

je ne gagne pas des mille et des cents — I don't earn very much

je vous le donne en mille — you'll never guess (in a million years)

* * *
mil
1. num inv

a thousand, one thousand

mille euros — a thousand euros, one thousand euros

deux mille personnes — two thousand people

2. nm

1) (= mesure)

mille marin — nautical mile

2) (centre de la cible) bull's-eye

mettre dans le mille — to hit the bull's-eye, figto hit the nail on the head

* * *

I.

mille ⇒ Les nombres, La date

A adj inv a thousand, one thousand; deux/trois mille two/three thousand; il y avait deux à trois mille personnes there were between two and three thousand people.

B pron je les ai tous les mille I have all one thousand of them.

C nm inv

1 Comm, Math a thousand, one thousand; vendre qch au mille to sell sth by the thousand;

2 ⇒ Les mesures de longueur, La vitesse Aviat, Naut mille (marin) nautical mile;

3 Sport ( cible) bull's eye; mettre or taper dans le mille lit to hit the bull's-eye; fig to hit the nail on the head;

4 Édition, Presse le roman en est à son deuxième mille the novel has sold over one thousand copies.

D pour mille loc adj Stat per thousand.

Idiomes

tu aurais vu leur tête! ça valait mille○! you should have seen their faces! it was priceless!; je ne gagne pas des mille et des cents I don't earn very much; je vous le donne en mille you'll never guess (in a million years).

II.

mille ⇒ Les mesures de longueur nm

1 Naut mille (marin or nautique) (nautical) mile;

2 Aviat (air) mile.

[mil] déterminant

1. [dix fois cent] a ou one thousand

dix/cent mille ten/a hundred thousand

en l'an mille cinquante ou mil cinquante in the year one thousand and fifty

‘les Mille et Une Nuits’ ‘The Arabian Nights’, ‘The Thousand and One Nights’

2. [beaucoup de]

c'est mille fois trop grand it's miles too big

mille baisers lots ou tons of kisses

mille mercis, merci mille fois many thanks

mille excuses ou pardons si je t'ai blessé I'm dreadfully sorry if I've hurt you

voilà un exemple entre mille here's just one of the countless examples I could choose

en mille morceaux in pieces

il y a mille et une manières de réussir sa vie there are thousands of ways ou a thousand and one ways of being successful in life

————————

[mil] nom masculin invariable

1. [nombre] a ou one thousand

vingt pour mille des femmes twenty women out of ou in every thousand

il y a une chance sur mille que ça marche there's a one-in-a-thousand chance that it'll work

acheter/vendre au mille COMMERCE to buy/to sell by the thousand

je te le donne en mille! (familier) I bet you'll never guess!

des mille et des cents (familier) loads of money

2. [centre d'une cible] bull's eye

mettre ou taper (en plein) dans le mille

a. (familier & sens propre) to hit the bull's-eye

b. (familier & figuré) to score a bull's-eye, to be bang on target

————————

[mil] nom masculin

1. NAUTIQUE

mille (marin) nautical mile

2. (Québec) (statute) mile

3. HISTOIRE

le mille romain the Roman mile

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > mille

18 poder

m.

1 power (mando, competencia).

estar en/hacerse con el poder to be in/to seize power

poder adquisitivo purchasing power

poder calorífico calorific value

poder de convicción persuasive powers

tener poder de convocatoria to be a crowd-puller

el poder ejecutivo/legislativo/judicial the executive/legislature/judiciary (personas)

poderes fácticos the church, military and press

poderes públicos public authorities

El poder corrompe a los indecisos Power corrupts the undecided.

2 power, authorization.

dar poderes a alguien para que haga algo to authorize somebody to do something

por poderes by proxy

poder notarial power of attorney

3 faculty.

4 proxy, letter of delegation, power of attorney, letter of attorney.

Ella se casó usando un poder She married using a proxy.

v.

1 can, to be able to.

no puedo decírtelo I can't tell you, I'm unable to tell you

2 can, may (tener permiso).

no puedo salir por la noche I'm not allowed to o I can't go out at night

¿puedo fumar aquí? may I smoke here?

¿se puede? may I come in?

3 can (ser capaz moralmente).

no podemos portarnos así con él we can't treat him like that

4 may, can (tener posibilidad, ser posible).

puede estallar la guerra war could o may break out

podías haber ido en tren you could have gone by train

¡podría habernos invitado! she could o might have invited us! (expresa enfado)

puede que llueva it may o might rain

¿vendrás mañana? — puede will you come tomorrow? — I may do

puede ser perhaps, maybe

5 to be stronger than.

tú eres más alto, pero yo te puedo you may be taller than me, but I could still beat you up

6 to can, to may, to be able to, to be apt to.

Ella puede correr She is able to run.

7 to might, to stand to.

Ella podría surgir She might rise above.

8 to be capable.

* * *

PODER

CONJUGACIÓN

Present Indicative

puedo, puedes, puede, podemos, podéis, pueden.

Past Indicative

pude, pudiste, pudo, pudimos, pudisteis, pudieron.

Future Indicative

podré, podrás, podrá, podremos, podréis, podrán.

Conditional

podría, podrías, podría, podríamos, podríais, podrían.

Present Subjunctive

pueda, puedas, pueda, podamos, podáis, puedan.

Imperfect Subjunctive

pudiera, pudieras, pudiera, pudiéramos, pudierais, pudieran;

pudiese, pudieses, pudiese, pudiésemos, pudieseis, pudiesen.

Future Subjunctive

pudiere, pudieres, pudiere, pudiéremos, pudiereis, pudieren.

Imperative

puede (tú), pueda (él/Vd.), podamos (nos.), poded (vos.), puedan (ellos/Vds.).

* * *
1. verb
1) can

2) to be able

3) may
2. noun m.
1) power

2) control

3) possession

4) strength, force

* * *

1. VERBO AUXILIAR

1) (=tener la posibilidad o capacidad de)

yo puedo ayudarte — I can help you

puedo hacerlo solo — I can do it on my own o by myself

¿se puede llamar por teléfono desde aquí? — can you phone from here?

no puede venir — he can't o cannot come

llevo varios días sin poder salir — I haven't been able to go out for several days

no ha podido venir — he couldn't come, he was unable to come

creo que mañana no voy a poder ir — I don't think I'll be able to come tomorrow

este agua no se puede beber — this water isn't fit to drink

2) (=tener permiso para)

puedes irte — you can o may go

¿puedo usar tu teléfono? — can o may I use your phone?

¿puedo abrir la ventana? — can o may I open the window?

aquí no se puede fumar — you aren't allowed to smoke here, you can't smoke here

3) [en peticiones]

¿puedes/puede darme un vaso de agua? — can I/may I have a glass of water please?

¿me puede usted decir cuándo sale el autobús? — can o could you tell me when the bus leaves?

4) [indicando eventualidad]

puede o podría estar en cualquier sitio — it could o might be anywhere

¡cuidado, te puedes hacer daño! — careful, you could o might hurt yourself!

podías haberte roto una pierna — you could o might have broken your leg

puede haber salido — he may have gone out

por lo que pueda pasar — just in case

5) [indicando obligación moral]

¡no pueden tratarnos así! — they can't treat us like this!

bien podrían cuidarla un poco mejor — they really ought to take better care of her

es lo menos que podemos hacer por ellos — it's the least we can do for them

no podíamos dejarlo solo — we couldn't leave him alone

6) [en cálculos, aproximaciones]

¿qué edad puede tener? — I wonder what age he is?, how old do you reckon he is?

puede costar unos cien euros — it could cost as much as a hundred euros

7) [en sugerencias]

podríamos ir al cine — we could go to the cinema

siempre puedes volverlo a intentar — you can always try again later

8) [en reproches]

¡podías habérmelo dicho! — you could o might have told me!

habría podido ser más amable — she could o might have been a bit nicer

¡al menos podrías disculparte! — you could at least say sorry!

2. VERBO INTRANSITIVO

1) (=tener la posibilidad o capacidad)

no puedo — I can't

lo haré si puedo — I'll do it if I can

¡no puedo más! — (=estoy agotado) I can't go on!; (=estoy desesperado) I can't cope any more!; (=he comido mucho) I can't eat another thing!

2) (=tener permiso)

¿se puede? — may I come in?

¿puedo? — may I?

3) (=tener dominio, influencia)

los que pueden — those who can, those who are able

el dinero puede mucho — money can do almost anything, money talks

la curiosidad pudo más que el temor — his curiosity got the better of his fear

él puede mucho en el partido — he has a lot of influence in the party

poder a algn: yo le puedo — I'm a match for him; [entre niños] I could have him *
poder con
¿puedes con la maleta? — can you manage the suitcase?

no puedo con él — (=no puedo controlarle) I can't handle him; (=pesa mucho) he's too heavy for me

no puedo con la hipocresía — I can't stand hypocrisy

4) [en locuciones]

• a más no poder, es tonto a más no poder — he's as stupid as they come

su actuación fue correcta a más no poder — he behaved entirely properly

comió a más no poder — he ate until he couldn't eat any more

• no poder por menos que, no pude por menos que decirle lo que pensaba de él — I just had to tell him what I thought of him

5) CAm, Méx * (=molestar) [con irritación] to annoy; [con disgusto] to upset

su actitud me pudo — his attitude annoyed me o got on my nerves

me pudo esa broma — that joke upset me

3.

VERBO IMPERSONAL
puede (ser) (=es posible) maybe, it may be so, perhaps
¡no puede ser! — that can't be!, that's impossible!
puede (ser) que ({+ subjun}9})
puede (ser) que esté en la biblioteca — he could o may be in the library, perhaps he's in the library

puede (ser) que tenga uno ya — he may o might have one already

puede (ser) que no venga — he may o might not come

puede (ser) que tenga razón — she may o could be right

puede (ser) que sí — maybe (so)

4. SUSTANTIVO MASCULINO

1) (=capacidad, facultad) power

tiene un enorme poder de concentración — she has tremendous powers of concentration

afirma tener poderes mágicos — he claims to have magic powers

poder adquisitivo — purchasing power

poder de convocatoria, tienen un gran poder de convocatoria — they really pull in the crowds, they're real crowd-pullers *

poder de negociación — bargaining power

2) (=autoridad, influencia) power

ejercen un poder enorme sobre la juventud — they have a lot of power o influence over young people

en este país los militares tienen mucho poder — the military are very powerful in this country

no tienen poder para oponerse a estas medidas — they are not powerful enough to oppose these measures

un partido jugado de poder a poder — an evenly-matched game

3) (Pol)

el poder — power

¡el pueblo al poder! — power to the people!

¡Herrera al poder! — Herrera for leader!

• bajo el poder de algn, estar en el poder, ocupar el poder — to be in power

subir al poder — to come to power

• el poder central — central government

• el cuarto poder — the fourth estate

• el poder establecido — the establishment

• los poderes fácticos — the powers that be

• los poderes públicos — the authorities

poder absoluto — absolute power

poder civil — civil power

poder ejecutivo — executive power

poder judicial — judiciary

poder legislativo — legislative power

4) (=fuerza, eficacia)

un detergente de gran poder limpiador — a powerful detergent

este medicamento no tiene poder contra la tuberculosis — this drug is ineffective o isn't effective against tuberculosis

5) (=potestad)
pl poderes powers
les dieron amplios poderes para dirigir la empresa — they were given wide-ranging powers to run the company

tiene plenos poderes para intervenir en el asunto — he has full authority to intervene in the matter

6) (Jur)

• por poderes o LAm poder — by proxy

casarse por poderes — to get married by proxy

poder notarial — power of attorney

7) (=posesión) possession

tengo en mi poder información confidencial — I am in possession of confidential information

• estar u obrar en poder de algn — to be in sb's hands o possession

esa información está u obra en poder de la juez — that information is in the hands of the judge, that information is in the judge's possession

• pasar a poder de algn — to pass to sb, pass into sb's possession

8) (Fís, Mec) power

el poder del motor — the power of the engine

poder calorífico — calorific value

9) LAm (=persona) drug pusher

* * *
I
verbo auxiliar

Sentido I

1) ( tener la capacidad o posibilidad de)

en cuanto puedas — as soon as you can

no puedo pagar tanto — I can't pay that much

no podía dejar de reír — I couldn't stop laughing

no va a poder venir — he won't be able to come

¿cuándo podrá darme una respuesta? — when will you be able to o when can you give me an answer?

no pudo asistir a la reunión — he was unable to o he couldn't attend the meeting

¿pudiste hacerlo sola? — were you able to do it on your own?

no se puede valer por sí mismo — he can't manage by himself

con aquel ruido no se podía trabajar — it was impossible to work with that noise going on

2) ( expresando idea de permiso)

¿puedo servirme otro? — can o may I have another one?

¿le puedo hacer una sugerencia? — may I make a suggestion?

¿podría irme un poco más temprano hoy? — could I leave a little earlier today?

puedes hacer lo que quieras — you can do whatever you like

no puede comer sal — he isn't allowed to eat salt

¿se puede? - adelante! — may I? - come in

aquí no se puede fumar — smoking is not allowed here

3) ( expresando derecho moral)

no podemos hacerle eso — we can't do that to her

bien puedes tomarte un descanso ahora — you can afford to take a rest now

4)

a) (en quejas, reproches)

¿cómo pudiste hacer una cosa así? — how could you do such a thing?

podías or podrías haberme avisado — you could o might have warned me!

b) ( en sugerencias)

ya te puedes ir haciendo a la idea — you'd better start getting used to the idea

podrías or podías pedírselo tú — you could ask him for it

c) ( solicitando un favor)

¿puedes bajar un momento? — can you come down for a moment?

¿podrías hacerme un favor? — could you do me a favor?

Sentido II

5) ( con el verbo principal sobreentendido)

poder con algo/alguien: ¿puedes con todo eso? can you manage all that?; no puedo con esta maleta I can't manage this suitcase; no pudo con el alemán y lo dejó he couldn't get to grips with German and he gave up; con este niño no hay quien pueda! this child is just impossible!; podérsela con algo — (Chi fam) to cope with something

6) (en locs)

a más no poder: comió a más no poder he ate until he was fit to burst; corrimos a más no poder we ran as fast as we could; es feo a más no poder he's as ugly as they come; no poder más: estoy que no puedo más ( cansado) I'm exhausted; ( lleno) I can't eat anything else; ya no puedo más con este niño I'm at the end of my tether with this child; ya no puedo más, me está desquiciando I can't go on like this, it's driving me mad; no poder (por) menos que: no pude menos que sentirme halagado I couldn't help feeling flattered; no pudo menos que reconocer — she had no alternative but to admit

7) (fam) (+ me, te, le etc)

a) ( ganar)

él es más alto, pero tú le puedes — he's taller than you but you can beat him

b) (Méx) ( doler)

tu indiferencia le puede mucho — she's very hurt by your indifference

nos pudo mucho la muerte de Julio — we were terribly upset by Julio's death

Sentido III

8) (con idea de eventualidad, posibilidad)

puede aparecer en cualquier momento — he may turn up at any moment

de él se puede esperar cualquier cosa — anything's possible with him

no hagas nada que pueda resultar sospechoso — don't do anything that might look suspicious

puede haber venido ayer — he may have come yesterday

te podrías or podías haber matado — you could have killed yourself!

no podía haber estado más amable — she couldn't have been kinder

podría volver a ocurrir — it could happen again

no pudo haber sido Pilar — it couldn't have been Pilar

9) (en 3^a pers)

no puede ser que no lo sepa — he must know

no puede ser que ya haya terminado — he can't have finished already

si puede ser or (Esp) a poder ser — if possible

no pudo ser — it wasn't possible

puede (ser) que tengas razón — you may o could be right

puede (ser) que no nos haya visto — he may not have seen us

- puede que sí, puede que no — maybe, maybe not
II
masculino

1)

a) (control, influencia) power

tiene mucho poder en el pueblo — he has a great deal of power o influence in the village

estamos/nos tiene en su poder — we are/she has us in her power

caer en poder de alguien — ciudad/país to fall to somebody

b) (Pol)

el poder — power

estar en el poder — to be in power

tomar el poder — to take o seize power

detenta el poder desde hace 20 años — (frml) he has held power for 20 years

2) ( posesión)

la carta está en poder de... — the letter is in the hands of...

obra en su poder la copia del acta — (frml) you have in your possession a copy of the minutes

3)

a) (derecho, atribución)

tener amplios/plenos poderes para hacer algo — to have wide-ranging powers/full authority to do something

los poderes de la junta son ilimitados — the junta has unlimited powers

la entrega de poderes — the handing over of power

b) (Der) ( documento) letter of authorization; ( hecho ante notario) power of attorney

casarse por poder (AmL) or (Esp) por poderes — to get married by proxy

4)

a) (capacidad, facultad) power

su poder de convicción — her power of persuasion

b) (de motor, aparato) power

•

- poder absoluto

- poder adquisitivo

- poder ejecutivo

- poderes fácticos

- poderes públicos

- poder judicial

- poder legislativo

* * *
I
verbo auxiliar

Sentido I

1) ( tener la capacidad o posibilidad de)

en cuanto puedas — as soon as you can

no puedo pagar tanto — I can't pay that much

no podía dejar de reír — I couldn't stop laughing

no va a poder venir — he won't be able to come

¿cuándo podrá darme una respuesta? — when will you be able to o when can you give me an answer?

no pudo asistir a la reunión — he was unable to o he couldn't attend the meeting

¿pudiste hacerlo sola? — were you able to do it on your own?

no se puede valer por sí mismo — he can't manage by himself

con aquel ruido no se podía trabajar — it was impossible to work with that noise going on

2) ( expresando idea de permiso)

¿puedo servirme otro? — can o may I have another one?

¿le puedo hacer una sugerencia? — may I make a suggestion?

¿podría irme un poco más temprano hoy? — could I leave a little earlier today?

puedes hacer lo que quieras — you can do whatever you like

no puede comer sal — he isn't allowed to eat salt

¿se puede? - adelante! — may I? - come in

aquí no se puede fumar — smoking is not allowed here

3) ( expresando derecho moral)

no podemos hacerle eso — we can't do that to her

bien puedes tomarte un descanso ahora — you can afford to take a rest now

4)

a) (en quejas, reproches)

¿cómo pudiste hacer una cosa así? — how could you do such a thing?

podías or podrías haberme avisado — you could o might have warned me!

b) ( en sugerencias)

ya te puedes ir haciendo a la idea — you'd better start getting used to the idea

podrías or podías pedírselo tú — you could ask him for it

c) ( solicitando un favor)

¿puedes bajar un momento? — can you come down for a moment?

¿podrías hacerme un favor? — could you do me a favor?

Sentido II

5) ( con el verbo principal sobreentendido)

poder con algo/alguien: ¿puedes con todo eso? can you manage all that?; no puedo con esta maleta I can't manage this suitcase; no pudo con el alemán y lo dejó he couldn't get to grips with German and he gave up; con este niño no hay quien pueda! this child is just impossible!; podérsela con algo — (Chi fam) to cope with something

6) (en locs)

a más no poder: comió a más no poder he ate until he was fit to burst; corrimos a más no poder we ran as fast as we could; es feo a más no poder he's as ugly as they come; no poder más: estoy que no puedo más ( cansado) I'm exhausted; ( lleno) I can't eat anything else; ya no puedo más con este niño I'm at the end of my tether with this child; ya no puedo más, me está desquiciando I can't go on like this, it's driving me mad; no poder (por) menos que: no pude menos que sentirme halagado I couldn't help feeling flattered; no pudo menos que reconocer — she had no alternative but to admit

7) (fam) (+ me, te, le etc)

a) ( ganar)

él es más alto, pero tú le puedes — he's taller than you but you can beat him

b) (Méx) ( doler)

tu indiferencia le puede mucho — she's very hurt by your indifference

nos pudo mucho la muerte de Julio — we were terribly upset by Julio's death

Sentido III

8) (con idea de eventualidad, posibilidad)

puede aparecer en cualquier momento — he may turn up at any moment

de él se puede esperar cualquier cosa — anything's possible with him

no hagas nada que pueda resultar sospechoso — don't do anything that might look suspicious

puede haber venido ayer — he may have come yesterday

te podrías or podías haber matado — you could have killed yourself!

no podía haber estado más amable — she couldn't have been kinder

podría volver a ocurrir — it could happen again

no pudo haber sido Pilar — it couldn't have been Pilar

9) (en 3^a pers)

no puede ser que no lo sepa — he must know

no puede ser que ya haya terminado — he can't have finished already

si puede ser or (Esp) a poder ser — if possible

no pudo ser — it wasn't possible

puede (ser) que tengas razón — you may o could be right

puede (ser) que no nos haya visto — he may not have seen us

- puede que sí, puede que no — maybe, maybe not
II
masculino

1)

a) (control, influencia) power

tiene mucho poder en el pueblo — he has a great deal of power o influence in the village

estamos/nos tiene en su poder — we are/she has us in her power

caer en poder de alguien — ciudad/país to fall to somebody

b) (Pol)

el poder — power

estar en el poder — to be in power

tomar el poder — to take o seize power

detenta el poder desde hace 20 años — (frml) he has held power for 20 years

2) ( posesión)

la carta está en poder de... — the letter is in the hands of...

obra en su poder la copia del acta — (frml) you have in your possession a copy of the minutes

3)

a) (derecho, atribución)

tener amplios/plenos poderes para hacer algo — to have wide-ranging powers/full authority to do something

los poderes de la junta son ilimitados — the junta has unlimited powers

la entrega de poderes — the handing over of power

b) (Der) ( documento) letter of authorization; ( hecho ante notario) power of attorney

casarse por poder (AmL) or (Esp) por poderes — to get married by proxy

4)

a) (capacidad, facultad) power

su poder de convicción — her power of persuasion

b) (de motor, aparato) power

•

- poder absoluto

- poder adquisitivo

- poder ejecutivo

- poderes fácticos

- poderes públicos

- poder judicial

- poder legislativo

* * *

poder¹

¹ = force, strength, power, leverage, authority, clout, might, muscle power, power of attorney, sway.

Ex: Her reason admitted the force of his arguments, but her instinct opposed it.

Ex: The strength of the acetone rinsing on the strength of the paper is investigated, and its efficiency in removing NM2P is also examined using gas liquid chromatography.

Ex: She added that she felt sorry for the assistant because he had so little power.

Ex: At certain times, dubious interpretations of the rules have even been used as leverage in gaining ground on matters of dispute between Community partners.

Ex: One of the great virtues of networking is that it democratizes access to information and access to authority.

Ex: IT executives would like to see their role in the organization elevated, giving them more ' clout', stature and visibility.

Ex: Gradually many of these conquerors came to realize that, although military might was necessary to gain control over an area, sheer force of arms was not sufficient to govern effectively.

Ex: Their development, particularly for replacing human muscle power, has been in parallel with that of information technology, but largely independent of it.

Ex: A power of attorney is a legal instrument that is used to delegate legal authority to another.

Ex: During this period Africa was influenced by external forces as the Islamic states of the north extended their sway south.

* abusar del poder = lord over, lord it over.

* abuso de poder = abuse of power.

* altas esferas del poder, las = echelons of power, the.

* ansioso de poder = power-hungry.

* asumir poder = assume + power.

* ceder las riendas del poder = hand over + the reins of power.

* círculo de poder = circle of power.

* con ansias de poder = power-hungry.

* conceder poderes = give + powers.

* con hambre de poder = power-hungry.

* con poder = powerful.

* con sed de poder = power-hungry.

* control del poder = hold on power.

* dar poderes = give + powers.

* dejar sin poder = disempower.

* división de poderes = division of powers.

* ejercer poder = wield + power, exercise + power.

* en el poder = in office.

* equilibrio de poder = balance of power.

* estructura de poder = power structure.

* frecuentar los pasillos del poder = stalk + the corridors of power.

* gente de poder = wielders of power, powerful people.

* gobierno en el poder = ruling government.

* grupo de poder = power group.

* hambriento de poder = power-hungry.

* igualdad de poder = parity of power.

* inversión de poderes = power reversal.

* jerarquía de poder = scalar chain.

* llevar al poder = bring + Nombre + to power.

* los poderes fáticos = the powers-that-be.

* los que detentan el poder = the powers-that-be.

* lucha de poderes = power struggle.

* lucha por el poder = power struggle.

* luchar de poderes = battle of wills.

* partido en el poder, el = ruling party, the.

* pasar las riendas del poder a = hand + the reins over to.

* pasillos del poder, los = corridors of power, the.

* perder poder = lose + power.

* pérdida de poder = disempowerment.

* poder adquisitivo = spending power, purchasing power, buying power.

* poder colectivo = collective power.

* poder curativo = healing power.

* poder de atracción = drawing power.

* poder de curación = healing power.

* poder de discriminación = discretion.

* poder de enganche = holding power.

* poder del estado = state power.

* poder de negociación = bargaining power.

* poder de representación = power of representation.

* poder de retención = holding power.

* poder divino = divine power.

* poder económico = economic leverage.

* poder ejecutivo = chief executive, executive arm, executive power.

* poder ejecutivo, el = Executive, the.

* poder estatal = state power.

* poder imperial = imperial power.

* poder judicial = judicial arm, judicial system.

* poder judicial, el = judiciary, the.

* poder legal = statutory power.

* poder legislativo = legislative power, legislative arm.

* poder mágico = magical power, magic power.

* poder notarial = power of attorney.

* poder político = political power.

* poder presidencial = presidential power.

* poder público = public power, public authority.

* poder remunerativo = earning power, earning capacity.

* poder sobrenatural = supernatural power.

* política del poder = power politics.

* por poderes = by proxy.

* posición de poder = position power.

* quitar el poder = disempower.

* relación de poder = power relationship.

* relaciones de poder = power relations.

* sediento de poder = power-hungry.

* subida al poder = seizure of power.

* subir al poder = rise to + power.

* tener el poder = be the boss, call + the shots, call + the tune, rule + the roost.

* tener el poder de = have + the power to.

* tener las riendas del poder = hold + the reins of power.

* tomar el poder = take + power.

* tomar las riendas del poder = take + the reins of power.

poder²

² = be able to, be capable of, can, have + the opportunity, may, qualify for, manage to.

Ex: Thus the electronic journal (e-journal) is a concept where scientists are able to input ideas and text to a computer data base for their colleagues to view, and similarly to view the work of others.

Ex: Main classes are thus only capable of precise definition in the contexts of particular classification schemes.

Ex: When used by skilled abstractors this mixture of styles can achieve the maximum transmission of information, within a minimum length.

Ex: Every librarian, regardless of his government's policy, has the opportunity, if he has the courage, to open the avenues of books and ideas a little wider.

Ex: My second point may be a slightly tangential, but I hope it is a concrete reaction to the general tenor of Mr. Lubetzky's remarks and the general subject posed.

Ex: FIAC has drawn up a list of criteria to determine whether an advice centre qualifies for membership of the Federation.

Ex: Tom Hernandez tried not to show how sad he felt about his friends' leaving, and managed to keep up a cheerful facade until the party broke up.

* Algo por lo que se puede cobrar = billable.

* al que no se puede dejar de faltar = unmissable.

* como mejor + poder = as best + Pronombre + can.

* cuando antes pueda = at + Posesivo + earliest convenience.

* de modo que + poder + oír = within earshot of.

* en el que se puede buscar = searchable.

* estar tan bueno que no se puede dejar de comer = moreish, moreish.

* hacerlo lo mejor que Uno pueda = do + Posesivo + utmost.

* hacer lo mejor que Uno pueda = put + Posesivo + best into.

* hacer lo mejor que Uno puede = try + Posesivo + heart out.

* hacer todo lo que Uno pueda = do + Posesivo + best, do + the best + Nombre + may, do + the best + Nombre + can.

* hacer todo lo que Uno pueda (dado) = do + the best possible (with).

* lo suficientemente lejos como para no poder oír = out of earshot.

* muy bien + podría + Verbo = might + well + Verbo.

* muy bien + puede + Verbo = may well + Verbo.

* nada puede estar más apartado de la realidad = nothing can be further from the truth.

* noche sin poder dormir = sleepless night.

* no poder = be unable to, cannot, can't [cannot].

* no poder aguantar a Alguien = have + it in for + Nombre.

* no poder conciliar el sueño = have + trouble sleeping.

* no poder dejar de mencionar = cannot but notice.

* no poder dejar de recalcar la importancia de Algo = the importance of + Nombre + cannot be stressed too strongly, cannot + give + too much emphasis + to the importance of.

* no poder dormir = sleeplessness.

* no poder estarse quieto = have + the fidgets, fidget.

* no poder evitar + Infinitivo = cannot help + Gerundio, cannot help but + Verbo.

* no poder evitar mencionar = cannot but notice.

* no poder hacer más que = do + little more than.

* no poder permitirse = ill afford.

* no poder permitirse el lujo de = ill afford.

* no poder quitarse Algo de la cabeza = can't get it out of my mind.

* no poderse buscar = be unsearchable.

* no poderse negar que = there + be + no denying that.

* no poder ver a Alguien = have + it in for + Nombre.

* no poder ver Algo o Alguien = can't stand + sight.

* no pude evitar notar que = couldn't help but notice (that).

* no puedo aguantarlo = can't take it.

* no puedo comprender = I can't get over.

* No se le puede pedir peras al olmo = You can't make a silk purse out of a sow's ear.

* no se puede dejar de recalcar el + Nombre + de = the + Nombre + of + Nombre + cannot be overemphasised.

* no se puede dejar de recalcar el + Nombre + of = the + Nombre + of + Nombre + cannot be overstated.

* no se puede dejar de recalcar la importancia de Algo = the importance of + Nombre + cannot be overemphasised, the importance of + Nombre + cannot be overstated.

* personas que no pueden salir de casa = homebound, the.

* poder contar con = be there for + Pronombre, be there for + Pronombre.

* poder + Infinitivo = succeed in + Gerundio.

* poderse afirmar que = it + be + safe to say that.

* poderse contestar = be answerable.

* poderse integrar en = be integrable in.

* poderse localizar = be locatable.

* poder utilizarse = be usable.

* por el que se puede cobrar = chargeable.

* puede muy bien ser = could well be.

* puede muy bien ser que = it may well be that.

* puede que = maybe.

* puede que al final sea para bien = be a blessing in disguise.

* ¿Puede repetir? = I beg your pardon?, I beg your pardon?.

* que no se le puede dar un nombre = unnameable.

* que no se puede conseguir = unobtainable.

* que no se puede entregar = undeliverable.

* que no se puede hacer cumplir = unenforceable.

* que no se puede identificar con un término = unnameable.

* que no se puede uno perder = unmissable.

* que puede causar detención = arrestable.

* que puede demostrarse = demonstrably.

* que puede salir en préstamo = loanable.

* que puede ser apilado = stacking.

* que puede ser usado a través de la web = web-compliant.

* querer es poder = where there's a will there's a way.

* que se le puede dar un nombre = nameable.

* que se puede arreglar = fixable.

* que se puede buscar = searchable.

* que se puede cambiar de tamaño = resizeable [re-sizeable].

* que se puede escuchar = playable.

* que se puede hacer cumplir = enforceable.

* que se puede identificar con un término = nameable.

* que se puede imprimir = printable.

* que se puede quitar = detachable.

* que se puede separar = detachable.

* que se puede visualizar = viewable.

* sálvese el que pueda = free-for-all.

* sálvese quien pueda = the devil take the hindmost, every man for himself, let battle commence.

* se puede = is to be.

* siempre que uno puede dedicarle el tiempo = in + Posesivo + own time.

* sin poder contenerse = helplessly.

* sin poder dormir = sleepless.

* sin poder extinguirlo = inextinguishably.

* sin poder hacer nada = helplessly.

* tan sorprendente como pueda parecer = as amazing as it seems.

* todavía + poderse + escuchar los ecos de = echo + still resound from.

* * *

poder¹ [ E21 ]

GUIA DE BUSQUEDA

Sentido I

A tener la capacidad de

B expresando idea de permiso

C expresando un derecho moral

D

1 en quejas, reproches

2 en sugerencias

3 solicitando un favor

Sentido II

A

1 poder con algo/alguien

2 el dinero lo puede todo

B en locuciones

C

1 vencer, ganar

2 doler

Sentido III

A con idea de eventualidad

B en tercera persona

v aux

Sentido I

A

(tener la capacidad o posibilidad de): ven en cuanto puedas come as soon as you can

no puedo pagar tanto I can't pay that much

¿cómo que no puedes? what do you mean, you can't do it ( o you can't come etc)?

no podía dejar de reír I couldn't stop laughing

no va a poder venir he won't be able to come

¿cuándo podrá darme una respuesta definitiva? when will you be able to o when can you give me a firm answer?

no pude convencerla I couldn't persuade her

no pudo asistir a la reunión he was unable to o he couldn't attend the meeting

¿pudiste hacerlo sola? did you manage to do it o were you able to do it on your own?

hicimos todo lo que pudimos por ayudarlos we did everything in our power o everything we could to help them

no se puede valer por sí mismo he can't manage by himself

no habría podido hacerlo sin tu ayuda I wouldn't have been able to do it o I couldn't have done it without your help

no debe (de) haber podido encontrarlo she obviously couldn't find it o can't have found it

¡este niño no se puede estar quieto ni un minuto! this child just won't o can't keep still for a minute!

con aquel ruido no se podía trabajar it was impossible to work o you couldn't work with that noise going on

¿sabes que se han prometido? — ¡no te (lo) puedo creer! do you know they're engaged? — you're joking! o I don't believe it!

B

(expresando idea de permiso): ¿puedo servirme otro? can o may I have another one?

ya pueden volver la hoja you may turn the page over now

¿me puedo ir? — ¡no señor! can o may I go? — no, you cannot o may not!

¿sales a jugar? — no puedo, estoy castigada are you coming out to play? — I can't, I'm being kept in

¿puedo pasar? may I come in?

¿le puedo hacer una sugerencia? may I make a suggestion?

¿podría irme un poco más temprano hoy? could I leave a little earlier today?

por mí, puedes hacer lo que quieras as far as I'm concerned, you can do whatever you like

no puede comer sal he isn't allowed to eat salt

¿quién te lo dijo, si se puede saber? who told you, may I ask?

¿se puede? — ¡adelante! may I? — come in

aquí no se puede fumar smoking is not allowed here, you can't smoke here

C

(expresando un derecho moral): no podemos hacerle eso we can't do that to her

después de lo que has trabajado, bien puedes tomarte un descanso you're entitled to o you deserve a rest after all the work you've done

es lo menos que puedes hacer it's the least you can do

D

1

(en quejas, reproches): ¿cómo pudiste hacer una cosa así? how could you do such a thing?

¿cómo puedes ser tan ingrato? how can you be so ungrateful?

podías or podrías haberme avisado you could o might have warned me!

2

(en sugerencias): podrías or podías pedírselo tú, a ti siempre te hace caso why don't you ask him? he always listens to you

ya te puedes ir haciendo a la idea you'd better start getting used to the idea

3

(solicitando un favor): ¿puedes bajar un momento? can you come down for a moment?

¿podrías hacerme un favor? could you do me a favor?

¿no puedes irte a jugar a otra parte? can't you go and play somewhere else?

Sentido II (con el verbo principal sobreentendido)

A

1 poder CON algo/algn:

¿tú puedes con todo eso? can you manage all that?

no puedo con esta maleta I can't manage this suitcase

yo no puedo solo con la casa, los niños y la tienda I can't do the housework, look after the children and run the store all on my own, I can't cope with the house, the children and the store all on my own

no pudo con el alemán y lo dejó he couldn't get o come to grips with German and he gave up

¡con este niño no hay quien pueda! this child is just impossible!

podérsela ( Chi fam); to cope, manage

no se la puede con el trabajo he can't cope with the job o manage the job

2

el dinero lo puede todo money talks, you can do anything if you have money

B ( en locuciones):

a más no poder: comió a más no poder he ate until he was fit to burst

gana dinero a más no poder she's making pots of money ( colloq), she's making money hand over fist

es feo a más no poder he's as ugly as they come

corrimos a más no poder we ran for all we were worth o as fast as we could

no poder más: estoy que no puedo más (de cansancio) I'm exhausted

a mí no me des postre que ya no puedo más don't serve me any dessert, I can't eat anything else

ya no puedo más con este niño I'm at the end of my tether with this child

no podía más, y ese estúpido que no salía del cuarto de baño I was desperate o I was bursting to go and that idiot wouldn't come out of the bathroom ( colloq)

ya no puedo más, me está desquiciando I can't go on like this, it's driving me mad

no poder (por) menos que: uno no puede menos que sentirse halagado one can't help feeling flattered

no puedo menos que expresar mi profunda decepción I feel I must say how deeply disappointed I am

no pudo menos que reconocer que teníamos razón she had no alternative but to admit that we were right

C

1 ( fam)

(vencer, ganar): él es más alto pero tú le puedes he's taller than you but you can beat him

tu papá no le puede al mío your dad's not as strong as mine

a gracioso no hay quien le pueda as a comic, there's no-one to beat him o he's unbeatable

2

( Méx fam) (doler): tu desprecio le puede mucho she's very hurt by your disdainful attitude, your disdainful attitude hurts her deeply

nos pudo mucho la muerte de Julio we were greatly saddened o terribly upset by Julio's death

Sentido III

A

(con idea de eventualidad, posibilidad): puede aparecer en cualquier momento he may turn up at any moment

de él se puede esperar cualquier cosa anything's possible with him

no sé dónde lo puedo haber puesto I don't know where I can have put it

no hagas nada que pueda resultar sospechoso don't do anything that might look suspicious

puede haber venido mientras no estábamos he may have come while we were out

hace horas que están reunidos ¿de qué pueden estar hablando? they've been in that meeting for hours, what can they be talking about?

te podrías or podías haber matado you could have killed yourself!

un error así puede costar millones a mistake like that could cost millions

no podía haber estado más amable she couldn't have been kinder

llaman a la puerta — ¿quién podrá ser a estas horas? there's someone at the door — who can o could it be at this time?

podría volver a ocurrir it could happen again

Pilar no pudo haber sido it couldn't have been Pilar

B ( en tercera persona):

¿nos habrá mentido? — no sé, puede ser do you think he lied to us? — I don't know, he may have done o it's possible

no puede ser que no lo sepa he must know

no puede ser que ya haya terminado he can't have finished already

si puede ser or ( Esp) a poder ser preferiría la cuarta fila if possible, I'd prefer row four

me habría gustado verlo pero no pudo ser I would have liked to see him but it wasn't possible o it wasn't to be

puede (ser) que tengas razón you may o could be right

puede (ser) que no nos haya visto he may not have seen us

¿vas a votar para ella? — puede que sí or puede are you going to vote for her? — maybe o I may

¿lo vas a aceptar? — puede que sí, puede que no are you going to accept it? — maybe, maybe not

poder²

masculine

A

1 (control, influencia) power

el poder de la prensa the power of the press

tiene mucho poder en el pueblo he has a great deal of power o influence o he is a very powerful man in the village

la Familia Real no tiene ningún poder the Royal Family has no power

Constantinopla cayó en poder de los turcos Constantinople fell to the Turks

estamos/nos tiene en su poder we are/she has us in her power

2 ( Pol):

el poder power

estar en el poder to be in power

tomar el poder to take o seize power

asumir el poder to assume power

detenta el poder desde hace 20 años ( frml); he has held power for 20 years

lleva cuatro años en el poder he has been in power for four years

toda la vida buscó el poder y la gloria all her life she sought power and fame

el poder en la sombra the power behind the throne

el poder corrompe power corrupts

B

(posesión): la carta está en poder de las autoridades the letter is in the hands of the authorities

hay que evitar que llegue a su poder we have to stop it falling into his hands

obra en su poder la copia del acta ( frml); you have in your possession a copy of the minutes

la solicitud ya pasó a poder de la oficina central the application has already been passed to our head office

C

1

(derecho, atribución): tiene amplios/plenos poderes para investigar el asunto he has wide-ranging powers/full authority to investigate the matter

la entrega or transmisión de poderes the handing over o transmission of power

los poderes de la junta son ilimitados the junta has unlimited powers

los poderes que le han sido conferidos the powers which have been vested in him

la separación de poderes entre la Iglesia y el Estado the division o separation of power between the Church and the State

división

2 ( Der) (documento) letter of authorization; (hecho ante notario) power of attorney

casarse por poder( AmL) or ( Esp) por poderes to get married by proxy

D

1 (capacidad, facultad) power

su poder de convicción or de persuasión her power of persuasion

el poder del amor/de la sugestión the power of love/of suggestion

tiene poderes extrasensoriales he has extrasensory powers

2 (de un motor, aparato) power

Compuestos:

● poder absoluto

masculine absolute power

● poder adquisitivo

masculine (de una divisa, un sueldo) purchasing power, buying power; (de una persona, un grupo) purchasing power, spending power

● poder divino

masculine divine power

● poder ejecutivo

masculine:

el poder ejecutivo the executive

● poderes fácticos

mpl institutions which hold effective control

● poderes notariales

mpl power of attorney

● poderes públicos

mpl:

los poderes públicos the authorities

● poder judicial

masculine:

el poder judicial the judiciary

● poder legislativo

masculine:

el poder legislativo the legislature

* * *

poder 1 ( conjugate poder) v aux
1 ( tener la capacidad o posibilidad de):
◊ puedo ir ahora o mañana I can go now or tomorrow;

no puedo pagar tanto I can't pay that much;
no podía dormir I couldn't sleep;
no va a poder venir he won't be able to come;
no pudo asistir he was unable to o he couldn't attend;
¿pudiste hacerlo sola? were you able to do it on your own?
2
a) ( expresando idea de permiso):

◊ ¿puedo servirme otro? can o may I have another one?;

¿podría irme más temprano hoy? could I leave earlier today?;
puedes hacer lo que quieras you can do whatever you like;
no puede comer sal he isn't allowed to eat salt;
¿se puede? — ¡adelante! may I? — come in;
aquí no se puede fumar smoking is not allowed here
b) ( solicitando un favor):

◊ ¿puedes bajar un momento? can you come down for a moment?;

¿podrías hacerme un favor? could you do me a favor?
3 ( expresando derecho moral):
◊ no podemos hacerle eso we can't do that to her

4 (en quejas, reproches): podías or podrías haberme avisado you could o might have warned me!
( con idea de esfuerzo)
1 poder con algo/algn:
◊ ¿puedes con todo eso? can you manage all that?;

no puedo con este niño I can't cope with this child;
estoy que no puedo más ( cansado) I'm exhausted;

( lleno) I can't eat anything else;
◊ ya no puedo más I can't go on like this

2 (con idea de eventualidad, posibilidad): te podrías or podías haber matado you could have killed yourself!;
◊ no podía haber estado más amable she couldn't have been kinder;

podría volver a ocurrir it could happen again;
no pudo ser it wasn't possible;
puede (ser) que tengas razón you may o could be right;
puede que sí, puede que no maybe, maybe not
3 (Méx) ( doler):
◊ nos pudo mucho la muerte de Julio we were terribly upset by Julio's death

poder 2 sustantivo masculino
1
a) (control, influencia) power;

◊ tiene mucho poder he has a great deal of power;

estamos en su poder we are in her power
b) (Pol)

◊ el poder power;

estar en el poder to be in power;
tomar el poder to take o seize power
2 ( posesión):
◊ la carta está en poder de … the letter is in the hands of …

3
a) (derecho, atribución) power;

◊ tener amplios poderes para hacer algo to have wide-ranging powers to do sth

b) (Der) ( documento) letter of authorization;

( hecho ante notario) power of attorney;
casarse por poder (AmL) or (Esp) por poderes to get married by proxy
4
a) (capacidad, facultad) power;

◊ su poder de convicción her power of persuasion;

poder adquisitivo purchasing power
b) (de motor, aparato) power

poder 1 sustantivo masculino power
Jur por poderes, by proxy
Econ poder adquisitivo, purchasing power
poder 2
I verbo transitivo
1 (tener capacidad) to be able to, can: no puedo evitarlo, I can't help it
podías habernos avisado, you could/ might have warned us
2 (tener derecho o autorización) may, might, can
¿puedo repetir?, may I have a second helping?
no puede tomar carne de cerdo, he can't eat pork
las mujeres ya pueden votar, women can already vote
3 (uso impers) may, might: puede que la vea luego, I might see her later
puede que sí, puede que no, maybe, maybe not
II verbo intransitivo
1 to cope [con, with]: no puedo con todo, I can't cope
2 (vencer, tener más fuerza) to be stronger than
En el presente, can y to be able to son sinónimos. Sin embargo, en el pasado could significa que podías hacer algo, mientras que was o were able to significa que, además de poder hacerlo, lo hiciste: I could tell him the truth. Podía decirle la verdad (no sabemos si lo hice). I was able to tell him the truth. Fui capaz de decirle la verdad (lo hice). En el futuro solo podemos emplear to be able to: I will be able to do it tomorrow. Podré hacerlo mañana.
Para expresar posibilidad puedes usar may, could o might. La diferencia consiste en el grado de probabilidad que sugieren. Recuerda que may se refiere a hechos más probables que might o could: Puede que llueva mañana. It may rain tomorrow (crees que es posible). It might/ could rain tomorrow (crees que la posibilidad es más remota).
' poder' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
absoluta
- absoluto
- abusar
- abuso
- adquisitiva
- adquisitivo
- ámbito
- caber
- CGPJ
- concentrar
- continuismo
- desgaste
- desperdicio
- destronar
- desvelarse
- dominio
- entregar
- erótica
- excedente
- garra
- grabar
- grandeza
- idea
- informal
- judicial
- legislativa
- legislativo
- manifestarse
- mano
- obrar
- parcela
- remediar
- respirar
- sátrapa
- sed
- seducción
- someterse
- sugestión
- usurpar
- ver
- acumular
- anhelar
- ansia
- ansiar
- atribuir
- autoridad
- ávido
- ceder
- clavar
- confiar
English:
able
- abuse
- afford
- anything
- assume
- assumption
- can
- conform
- cope
- encroach
- fold
- form
- foursome
- get
- glad
- greed
- greediness
- greedy
- handle
- hungry
- lust
- make
- manage
- may
- might
- office
- out
- power
- power of attorney
- proxy
- purchasing power
- seize
- seizure
- spending power
- stick
- stranglehold
- take aside
- takeover
- unable
- use
- utmost
- whichever
- zenith
- could
- executive
- height
- helplessly
- judiciary
- lie
- peace

* * *

poder¹ nm

1. [mando, autoridad] power;

la gente con más poder en la organización the most powerful people in the organization;

estar en el poder to be in power;

hacerse con o [m5] tomar el poder to seize power;

perder el poder to lose power;

el poder corrompe power corrupts;

la separación de poderes the separation of powers;

Comp

de poder a poder: un enfrentamiento de poder a poder a heavyweight contest;

el partido se disputó de poder a poder it was a close contest between two excellent sides

Comp
poder absoluto absolute power;
el poder ejecutivo [el gobierno] the executive;

los poderes fácticos the centres of power in society;

el poder judicial [los jueces] the judiciary;

el poder legislativo [las cortes] the legislature;

poderes públicos (public) authorities

2. [posesión, control]
estar en poder de alguien to be in sb's hands;

obra en su poder un documento comprometedor she has in her possession a compromising document;

tienen en su poder a varios rehenes they have taken a number of hostages;

el pueblo cayó en poder del enemigo the town fell to the enemy;

la casa pasó a poder del banco ownership of the house was transferred to the bank

3. [capacidad] power;

un producto con gran poder de limpieza a very powerful cleaning product;

tener poderes (paranormales) to be psychic, to have psychic powers

Comp
poder adquisitivo [de salario] purchasing o buying power; [de persona] disposable income;
poder calorífico calorific value;

poder de convicción persuasive powers;

poder de convocatoria: [m5] tener poder de convocatoria to be a crowd-puller;
Mil poder de disuasión deterrent force; Mil poder disuasorio deterrent force
4. [autorización] power, authorization;
[documento] power of attorney;
dar poderes a alguien para que haga algo to authorize sb to do sth;

tener plenos poderes para hacer algo to be fully authorized to do sth;

por poderes by proxy;

casarse por Esp [m5] poderes o Am [m5] poder to marry by proxy

Comp
poder notarial power of attorney [witnessed by a notary]
poder²

♦ vi

1. [tener facultad, capacidad] can, to be able to;

no puedo decírtelo I can't tell you, I'm unable to tell you;

ahora mismo no podemos atenderle, llame más tarde we can't o we are unable to take your call right now, please call later;

¿puede correrse un poco, por favor? could you move up a bit, please?;

al final pudo salir de allí in the end she managed to get out of there;

¡así no se puede hacer nada! we'll never get anywhere like this!;

de poder ir, sería a partir de las siete if I manage to o can make it, it will be after seven;

en cuanto pueda as soon as possible;

si puedo, te llamaré I'll call you if I get the chance

2. [tener permiso] can, may;

no puedo salir por la noche I'm not allowed to o I can't go out at night;

¿podríamos ir contigo? could we go with you?;

¿podría hablar un momento con usted? could I have a word with you?;

¿se pueden hacer fotos? can we o are we allowed to take photos?;

¿puedo fumar aquí? may o can I smoke here?;

no se puede fumar you're not allowed to smoke;

¿se puede? may I come in?;

¿se puede saber dónde te habías metido? might I know o would you mind telling me where you were?

3. [ser capaz moralmente] can;

no podemos portarnos así con él we can't treat him like that;

¿cómo puedes decir una cosa así? how can you say such a thing?

4. [tener posibilidad, ser posible] may, can;

puede volver de un momento a otro she could come back any moment;

puedo haberlo perdido I may have lost it;

podías haber cogido el tren you could have caught the train;

puede estallar la guerra war could o may break out;

¿dónde puede o [m5] podrá estar? where can it have got to?;

¡habría podido invitarnos!, ¡podría habernos invitado! [expresa enfado] she could o might have invited us!;

ya podemos despedirnos de un aumento de sueldo we can forget our pay Br rise o US raise now

5. [tener fuerza]
poder con [enfermedad, rival] to be able to overcome;
[tarea, problema] to be able to cope with;
¿puedes con todas las bolsas? can you manage all those bags?;

no puedo con este baúl, ¿me ayudas a levantarlo? I can't lift this trunk on my own, can you give me a hand?;

no poder con algo/alguien [no soportar] not to be able to stand sth/sb;

no puedo con la hipocresía I can't stand hypocrisy;

¡contigo no hay quien pueda! you're impossible!

6. Méx [doler] to hurt

7. [en frases]
a o [m5] hasta más no poder as much as can be;

es avaro a más no poder he's as miserly as can be;

llovía a más no poder it was absolutely pouring down;

la pierna me dolía a más no poder you can't imagine how much my leg was hurting;

no poder más [estar cansado] to be too tired to carry on;
[estar harto de comer] to be full (up); [estar enfadado, harto] to have had enough;
no pude por menos que reírme I had to laugh, I couldn't help but laugh;
Fam
¡ya podrás, con una máquina como esa! anyone could do it with a machine like that!;

Comp

no puedo con mi alma I'm ready to drop

♦ v impersonal
[ser posible] may;
puede que llueva it may o might rain;

puede que se haya equivocado she may be wrong;

¿vendrás mañana? – puede will you come tomorrow? – I may do;

puede que sí o puede que no maybe, maybe not;

puede ser perhaps, maybe;

si puede ser, a poder ser if (at all) possible;

lo siento, pero no va a poder ser I'm sorry, but it's not going to be possible;

puede ser que no lo sepa she may not know;

¡no puede ser que sea ya tan tarde! surely it can't be that late already!

♦ vt

1. [ser más fuerte que] to be stronger than;

tú eres más alto, pero yo te puedo you may be taller than me, but I could still beat you up;

mi coche le puede al tuyo my car is faster than yours any day

2. Méx [doler]
me puede mucho que me desprecies it hurts me a lot that you look down on me;

le pudo su derrota, todavía no se repone losing really got to her, she still hasn't got over it

* * *

poder

I v/aux

1 capacidad can, be able to;

no pude hablar con ella I wasn’t able to talk to her

2 permiso can, be allowed to;

¿puedo ir contigo? can o may I come with you?

3 posibilidad may, might;

¡podías habérselo dicho! you could have o you might have told him

II v/i

:

poder con ( sobreponerse a) manage, cope with;

me puede he can beat me;

es franco a más no poder fam he’s as frank as they come fam ;

comimos a más no poder fam we ate to bursting point fam ;

no puedo más I can’t take any more, I’ve had enough;

a poder ser if possible;

puede ser perhaps, maybe;

¡no puede ser! it can’t be!, that can’t be right!;

puede que perhaps, maybe;

puede ser que no lo sepa maybe o perhaps he doesn’t know;

¿se puede? can I come in?, do you mind if I come in?;

no pude menos de insultarle insulting him was the least I could do

III m tb POL power;

en poder de alguien in s.o.’s hands;

plenos poderes pl full authority sg ;

por poderes, L.Am.

por poder JUR by proxy;

los poder es públicos the authorities

* * *

poder {58} v aux

1) : to be able to, can

no puede hablar: he can't speak

2) (expressing possibility) : might, may

puede llover: it may rain at any moment

¿cómo puede ser?: how can that be?

3) (expressing permission) : can, may

¿puedo ir a la fiesta?: can I go to the party?

¿se puede?: may I come in?

poder vi

1) : to beat, to defeat

cree que le puede a cualquiera: he thinks he can beat anyone

2) : to be possible

¿crees que vendrán? - puede (que sí): do you think they'll come? - maybe

3)

poder con : to cope with, to manage

¡no puedo con estos niños!: I can't handle these children!

4)

no poder más : to have had enough

no puede más: she can't take anymore

5)

no poder menos que : to not be able to help

no pudo menos que asombrarse: she couldn't help but be amazed

poder nm

1) : control, power

poder adquisitivo: purchasing power

2) : authority

el poder legislativo: the legislature

3) : possession

está en mi poder: it's in my hands

4) : strength, force

poder militar: military might

* * *

poder¹ n (en general) power

tiene mucho poder he has a lot of power

subir al poder to come to power

poder² vb

1. (capacidad, posibilidad) can / could / to be able to

no puedo dormir I can't sleep

¿puedo echarte una mano? can I give you a hand?

no podía vivir sin ella he couldn't live without her

¿qué podemos comprarle? what can we buy her?

¿cuándo podrás venir? when will you be able to come?

Recuerda que can es presente, could es pasado o condicional y be able to es para los demás tiempos

2. (permiso) can / may

¿puedo hablar con el jefe? can I speak to the boss?

¿se puede pasar? can I come in?

aquí no se puede fumar you can't smoke here

3. (probabilidad) may / could / might

puede que llueva it might rain

puede que venga, puede que no he might come, he might not

no puede ser that's impossible

podría ocurrir aquí it could happen here

poder con to manage / to cope with

no puedo con la maleta I can't manage the suitcase

no puedo con él I can't cope with him

no poder más (cansado) to be exhausted (lleno) to be full up

Spanish-English dictionary > poder

19 casi

adv.

1 almost.

casi me muero I almost o nearly died

no comió casi nada she ate almost o practically nothing

casi no dormí I hardly slept at all

casi, casi almost, just about

casi nunca hardly ever

¿qué te pasa? — ¡casi nada! que me ha dejado mi mujer what's up? — my wife only went and left me

lo venden por tres millones -- ¡casi nada! they're selling it for three million - what a snip!

casi siempre almost o nearly always

2 approximately, well-nigh, roughly.

* * *

casi

► adverbio

1 almost, nearly

■ había casi cincuenta personas there were almost fifty people

■ me tropecé y casi me caí I tripped and nearly fell over

■ no comió casi nada she hardly ate anything

■ casi prefiero el vestido rojo I think I prefer the red dress

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

casi, casi familiar just about

¡casi nada! familiar peanuts!

■ le tocaron 5 millones, ¡casi nada! he won 5 million, peanuts!

casi no hardly

■ casi no los vemos we hardly see them

casi nunca hardly ever

■ casi nunca llama he hardly ever phones

* * *

adv.

1) almost, nearly

2) hardly (in negative sentences)

* * *

ADV

1) (=indicando aproximación) almost, nearly

está casi terminado — it's almost o nearly finished

son ya casi las tres — it's almost o nearly three o'clock

¡huy!, casi me caigo — oops! I almost o nearly fell over

hace casi un año que empezó la guerra — it's almost a year since war broke out

nada ha cambiado en los casi dos años transcurridos — nothing has changed in what is almost two years

despidieron a la casi totalidad de la plantilla — they sacked virtually o practically the entire staff

estaba congelado, o casi — it was frozen, or very near it

ocurre lo mismo en casi todos los países — the same thing happens in virtually o practically all countries

-¿habéis terminado? -casi, casi — "have you finished?" - "just about o very nearly"

• casi nada — almost o virtually nothing, hardly anything

no sabemos casi nada de lo que está ocurriendo — we know almost o virtually nothing about what's going on, we know hardly anything about what's going on

100 dólares..., ¡casi nada! — iró 100 dollars, a mere trifle!

• casi nunca — hardly ever, almost never

casi nunca hay sitio en la biblioteca — there is hardly ever any room in the library

• casi siempre — almost always

2) [indicando indecisión] almost

no sé, casi prefiero no ir — I don't know, I think I'd rather not go

casi sería mejor empezar otra vez — it might be better to start again
CASI Las dos traducciones principales de casi en inglés son almost y nearly: Estoy casi lista I'm almost o nearly ready Eran casi las cuatro cuando sonó el teléfono It was almost o nearly four o'clock when the telephone rang Nos vemos casi todos los días We meet almost o nearly every day ► Cuando almost y nearly acompañan a un verbo, se colocan detrás de este si se trata de un verbo auxiliar o modal y delante en el caso de los demás verbos: Casi me rompo la muñeca I almost o nearly broke my wrist Mi hijo ya casi habla My son can almost o nearly talk Sin embargo, hay algunos casos en los que no podemos utilizar nearly: ► delante de adverbios que terminan en -ly "¿Qué estáis haciendo aquí?" nos preguntó casi con enfado "What are you doing here?" he asked almost angrily ► delante de like: Se comporta casi como un niño He behaves almost like a child ► acompañando a adjetivos o sustantivos que, normalmente, no pueden ser modificados: El mono tenía una expresión casi humana The monkey had an almost human expression Me pareció casi un alivio I found it almost a relief ► delante de palabras de sentido negativo, como never, no, none, no-one, nothing y nowhere; en estos casos, muchas veces se traduce también por practically: No dijo casi nada She said almost o practically nothing No había casi nadie en la fiesta There was almost o practically no-one at the party En estos casos también se puede usar la construcción hardly + ever/ any/ anything {etc}: No dijo casi nada She said hardly anything No había casi nadie en la fiesta There was hardly anyone at the party Para otros usos y ejemplos ver la entrada
* * *

adverbio

1)

a) ( cerca de) almost, nearly

es casi imposible — it's virtually o almost impossible

casi me caigo — I nearly fell over

b) (delante del n) (frml)

la casi totalidad de la población — almost the entire population

2) ( en frases negativas)

casi no se le oía — you could hardly hear him

casi nunca — hardly ever

no nos queda casi nada de pan — there's hardly any bread left

¿pudiste dormir? - casi nada — did you manage to sleep? - hardly at all

¿200? casi nada! — (iró) $200? is that all? (iro)

no había casi nadie — there was hardly anyone

casi no vengo — I almost didn't come

3) ( expresando una opinión tentativa)

yo casi te diría que lo vendas — I'd be inclined to say, sell it

casi sería mejor esperar — maybe it would be better to wait

* * *

= almost, nearly, virtually, something of, barely, well-nigh, pretty well, by the skin of + Posesivo + teeth, just about.

Ex. Documents rarely exactly match a user's requirements because information can be packaged in almost as many different ways as there are participants in a subject area.

Ex. Today, BLCMP offers services to nearly fifty member libraries including public libraries, university libraries polytechnic libraries and others.

Ex. Virtually all software packages offer the purchaser the opportunity to evolve a record format which suits a specific application.

Ex. Shannon's approach proved something of a dead end.

Ex. There are fewer women library directors now than in 1964, and in all types of employment women earn barely more than half the earnings of men.

Ex. This report seems to have raised more questions than it has answered, particularly in the area of ILL costs and charges, where controversy rages and agreement between the various types of library appears well-nigh impossible to reach.

Ex. Ozon's novel falls flat because the plot is not only foreseeable pretty well every step of the way but, at its weakest, slumps into novelettish cliche.

Ex. The middle class holds on by the skin of its teeth, saved from a real downward slide only by record increases in the number of dual-income families.

Ex. Immorality and general disrespect for our fellow beings is just about the norm in this day and age.

----

* algo casi seguro = a sure bet, safe bet.

* casi analfabeto = near-illiterate.

* casi aritmético = quasi-arithmetical.

* casi ausencia = quasi-absence.

* casi conseguir = come close to + Gerundio.

* casi contemporáneo = near-contemporary.

* casi cualquier = almost any.

* casi cualquier cosa = just about anything.

* casi de auxiliar administrativo = quasi-clerical.

* casi + desmayarse = nearly + faint.

* casi de todo = just about everything.

* casi fanático = near-frantic.

* casi fatal = near-fatal.

* casi + Fecha = for the best part of + Fecha, for the better part of + Fecha.

* casi histérico = highly-strung, high-strung.

* casi inaceptable = borderline.

* casi indiscutiblemente = arguably.

* casi la perfección = near-perfection.

* casi + morir = nearly + die.

* casi mortal = near-fatal.

* casi nada = next to nothing.

* casi neutro = near-neutral.

* casi siempre = almost invariably.

* casi sinónimo = near synonym.

* casi sin previo aviso = without much notice.

* casi todo = everything but the kitchen sink, just about everything.

* casi todos = almost any.

* casi universal = quasi-universal.

* casi + Verbo = all but + Verbo.

* durante casi + Fecha = for the best part of + Fecha, for the better part of + Fecha.

* durante casi todo el año = for the best part of the year.

* en casi nada = in no time at all, in next to no time, in no time.

* en casi todos los + Nombre = in just about every + Nombre.

* eso es casi todo = that's about it.

* estar casi finalizado = near + completion.

* estar casi terminado = be nearing completion, reach + near completion.

* pasar casi rozando = skim.

* por nada or casi nada = at little or no extra cost.

* reproducción casi facsímil = quasi-facsimile.

* ser casi seguro = be a good bet.

* una oportunidad casi segura = a sporting chance.

* * *

adverbio

1)

a) ( cerca de) almost, nearly

es casi imposible — it's virtually o almost impossible

casi me caigo — I nearly fell over

b) (delante del n) (frml)

la casi totalidad de la población — almost the entire population

2) ( en frases negativas)

casi no se le oía — you could hardly hear him

casi nunca — hardly ever

no nos queda casi nada de pan — there's hardly any bread left

¿pudiste dormir? - casi nada — did you manage to sleep? - hardly at all

¿200? casi nada! — (iró) $200? is that all? (iro)

no había casi nadie — there was hardly anyone

casi no vengo — I almost didn't come

3) ( expresando una opinión tentativa)

yo casi te diría que lo vendas — I'd be inclined to say, sell it

casi sería mejor esperar — maybe it would be better to wait

* * *

= almost, nearly, virtually, something of, barely, well-nigh, pretty well, by the skin of + Posesivo + teeth, just about.

Ex: Documents rarely exactly match a user's requirements because information can be packaged in almost as many different ways as there are participants in a subject area.

Ex: Today, BLCMP offers services to nearly fifty member libraries including public libraries, university libraries polytechnic libraries and others.

Ex: Virtually all software packages offer the purchaser the opportunity to evolve a record format which suits a specific application.

Ex: Shannon's approach proved something of a dead end.

Ex: There are fewer women library directors now than in 1964, and in all types of employment women earn barely more than half the earnings of men.

Ex: This report seems to have raised more questions than it has answered, particularly in the area of ILL costs and charges, where controversy rages and agreement between the various types of library appears well-nigh impossible to reach.

Ex: Ozon's novel falls flat because the plot is not only foreseeable pretty well every step of the way but, at its weakest, slumps into novelettish cliche.

Ex: The middle class holds on by the skin of its teeth, saved from a real downward slide only by record increases in the number of dual-income families.

Ex: Immorality and general disrespect for our fellow beings is just about the norm in this day and age.

* algo casi seguro = a sure bet, safe bet.

* casi analfabeto = near-illiterate.

* casi aritmético = quasi-arithmetical.

* casi ausencia = quasi-absence.

* casi conseguir = come close to + Gerundio.

* casi contemporáneo = near-contemporary.

* casi cualquier = almost any.

* casi cualquier cosa = just about anything.

* casi de auxiliar administrativo = quasi-clerical.

* casi + desmayarse = nearly + faint.

* casi de todo = just about everything.

* casi fanático = near-frantic.

* casi fatal = near-fatal.

* casi + Fecha = for the best part of + Fecha, for the better part of + Fecha.

* casi histérico = highly-strung, high-strung.

* casi inaceptable = borderline.

* casi indiscutiblemente = arguably.

* casi la perfección = near-perfection.

* casi + morir = nearly + die.

* casi mortal = near-fatal.

* casi nada = next to nothing.

* casi neutro = near-neutral.

* casi siempre = almost invariably.

* casi sinónimo = near synonym.

* casi sin previo aviso = without much notice.

* casi todo = everything but the kitchen sink, just about everything.

* casi todos = almost any.

* casi universal = quasi-universal.

* casi + Verbo = all but + Verbo.

* durante casi + Fecha = for the best part of + Fecha, for the better part of + Fecha.

* durante casi todo el año = for the best part of the year.

* en casi nada = in no time at all, in next to no time, in no time.

* en casi todos los + Nombre = in just about every + Nombre.

* eso es casi todo = that's about it.

* estar casi finalizado = near + completion.

* estar casi terminado = be nearing completion, reach + near completion.

* pasar casi rozando = skim.

* por nada or casi nada = at little or no extra cost.

* reproducción casi facsímil = quasi-facsimile.

* ser casi seguro = be a good bet.

* una oportunidad casi segura = a sporting chance.

* * *

casi

adverb

A

1 (cerca de) almost, nearly

cuesta casi el doble it costs almost o nearly twice as much

ya eran casi las tres it was almost o nearly three o'clock

es casi imposible it's virtually o practically o almost impossible

casi todos son latinoamericanos nearly o almost all of them are Latin American

¡uy! casi me caigo whoops! I nearly fell over

de casi no se muere nadie a miss is as good as a mile

2 ( delante del n) ( frml):

la casi totalidad de la población almost the entire population

los casi tres millones de habitantes del país the country's almost three million inhabitants

B

(en frases negativas): ya casi no tiene fiebre she hardly has a temperature now

casi no se le oía you could hardly hear him

eso no sucede casi nunca that hardly ever happens

no nos queda casi nada de pan there's hardly any bread left, there's almost no bread left

¿pudiste dormir? — casi nada did you manage to sleep? — hardly at all

sólo cuesta $200 — ¡casi nada! ( iró); it only costs $200 — is that all? ( iro)

no había casi nadie there was hardly anyone there, there was almost nobody there

me sentía tan mal que casi no vengo I felt so bad I almost didn't come

sin (el) casi: es casi indecente — sin casi it's almost indecent — almost, no, it is indecent

C

(expresando una opinión tentativa): yo casi te diría que lo vendas I'd be inclined to say, sell it o I think I'd advise you to sell it

casi sería mejor hablar con él antes maybe it would be better to speak to him first

* * *

casi adverbio
1 ( cerca de) almost, nearly;
◊ casi me caigo I nearly fell over

2 ( en frases negativas):
◊ casi no se le oía you could hardly hear him;

casi nunca hardly ever;
no nos queda casi nada de pan there's hardly any bread left;
¿pudiste dormir? — casi nada did you manage to sleep? — hardly at all;
casi no vengo I almost didn't come
3 ( expresando una opinión tentativa):
◊ casi sería mejor venderlo maybe it would be better to sell it

casi adverbio almost, nearly: casi me lo compro, I nearly bought it
casi no se oye, it can hardly be heard
familiar casi, casi, just about
casi cien personas, almost a hundred people
casi nadie, hardly anyone
casi nunca, hardly ever
casi siempre, almost always
casi todos, almost all
' casi' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
alquilar
- apenas
- caerse
- cerca
- ir
- gasto
- gay
- inapreciable
- nada
- nadie
- normalmente
- nunca
- respiración
- tener
- acabar
- alcanzar
- calentar
- dormir
- durante
- golpe
- matar
- medir
- mero
- palmo
- sombra
English:
about
- absent
- absorb
- all
- almost
- anything
- barely
- best
- clear
- close
- die
- esquire
- ever
- excel
- fray
- frizzy
- good
- hardly
- narrowly
- nearly
- next
- o'clock
- obtain
- perfect
- practically
- queer
- sloppy
- tall
- tantamount
- by
- certainly
- cripple
- face
- fairly
- fit
- most
- muffle
- near
- near-
- nil
- nine
- one
- out
- reasonably
- skim
- time
- virtually

* * *

casi adv

1. [faltando poco] almost;

casi me muero I almost o nearly died;

casi me caigo I almost o nearly fell;

casi no dormí I hardly slept at all;

el casi millón de refugiados the refugees, who number almost a million;

no llegamos hasta la cumbre pero casi, casi we didn't quite get to the top, but almost;

no comió casi nada she hardly ate anything;

casi nunca hardly ever;

casi siempre almost o nearly always;

está casi olvidado – sin el casi it's all but forgotten – leave out the “all but”

2. [expresando indecisión]
casi me voy a quedar con el rojo I think I'll probably go for the red one;

casi casi preferiría dormir en un albergue que en una pensión I'd almost prefer to sleep in a youth hostel rather than a guesthouse

3. Comp
Irónico
casi nada: ¿qué te pasa? – ¡casi nada! que me ha dejado mi mujer what's up? – my wife's only gone and left me, that's all!;

lo venden por 3 millones – ¡casi nada! they're selling it for 3 million – what a bargain o Br snip!

* * *

casi

adv almost, nearly; en frases negativas hardly

* * *

casi adv

1) : almost, nearly, virtually

2) (in negative phrases) : hardly

casi nunca: hardly ever

* * *

casi adv

1. (en general) nearly / almost

casi he terminado I've nearly finished

tiene casi diez años she's almost ten

casi se cae al río he almost fell in the river

2. (apenas) hardly

casi no nos queda nada we've got hardly anything left

casi no crece it hardly grows

Spanish-English dictionary > casi

20 पर _para

पर a. [पॄ-भावे-अप्, कर्तरि अच्-वा] (Declined optional- ly like a pronoun in nom. voc. pl., and abl. and loc. sing. when it denotes relative position)

1 Other, differ- ent, another; see पर m also.

-2 Distant, removed, remote; अपरं भवतो जन्म परं जन्म विवस्वतः Bg.4.4.

-3 Beyond, further, on the other side of; म्लेच्छदेशस्ततः परः Ms.2.23;7.158.

-4 Subsequent, following, next to, future, after (usually with abl.); बाल्यात् परामिव दशां मदनो$ध्युवास R.5.63; Ku.1.31.

-5 Higher, superior; सिकतात्वादपि परां प्रपेदे परमाणुताम् R.15.22; इन्द्रियाणि पराण्याहु- रिन्द्रियेभ्यः परं मनः । मनसस्तु परा बुद्धिर्यो बुद्धेः परतस्तु सः ॥ Bg.3.42.

-9 Highest, greatest, most distinguished, pre-eminent, chief, best, principal; क्षत्रात् परं नास्ति Bṛi. Up.1.4.11. न त्वया द्रष्टव्यानां परं दृष्टम् Ś.2; Ki.5.18; परतो$पि परः Ku.2.14 'higher than the highest'; 6.19; Ś7.27.

-7 Having as a following letter or sound, followed by (in comp.).

-8 Alien, estranged, stranger.

-9 Hostile, inimical, adverse,

-1 Exceeding, having a surplus or remainder, left over; as in परं शतम् 'exceeding or more than a hundred.

-11 Final, last.

-12 (At the end of comp.) Having anything as the highest ob- ject, absorbed or engrossed in, intent on, solely devoted to, wholly engaged or occupied in; परिचर्यापरः R.1.91; so ध्यानपर, शोकपर, दैवपर, चिन्तापर &c.

-रः 1 Another person, a stranger, foreigner; oft. in pl. in this sense; यतः परेषां गुणग्रहीतासि Bv.1.9; Śi.2.74; see एक, अन्य also.

-2 A foe, an enemy, adversary; उत्तिष्ठमानस्तु परो नोपेक्ष्यः पथ्यभिच्छता Śi.2.1; Pt.2.158; R.3.21.

-3 The Almighty; तावदध्यासते लोकं परस्य परचिन्तकाः Bhāg.3.32.8.

-रम् 1 The highest point or pitch, culminating point.

-2 The Supreme Sprit; तेषामादित्यवज्ज्ञानं प्रकाशयति तत् परम् Bg.5.16.

-3 Final beatitude; असक्तो ह्याचरन् कर्म परमाप्नोति पूरुषः Bg.3.19.

-4 The secondary meaning of a word.

-5 (In logic) One of the two kinds of सामान्य or generality of notion; more extensive kind, (comprehending more objects); e. g. पृथ्वी is पर with respect to a घट).

-6 The other or future world; परासक्ते च वस्तस्मिन् कथमासीन्मनस्तदा Mb.6.14.55. Note-- The acc., instr. and loc. singulars of पर are used adverbi- ally; e. g. (a) परम्

1 beyond, over, out of (with abl.); वर्त्मनः परम् R.1.17.

-2 after (with abl.); अस्मात् परम् Ś.6.24; R.1.66;3.39; Me.12; भाग्यायत्त- मतः परम् Ś.4.17; ततः परम् &c.

-3 thereupon, there- after.

-4 but, however.

-5 otherwise.

-6 in a high degree, excessively, very much, completely, quite; परं दुःखितो$स्मि &c.

-7 most willingly.

-8 only.

-9 at the utmost. (b) परेण

1 farther, beyond, more than; किं वा मृत्योः परेण विधास्यति Māl.2.2.

-2 afterwards; मयि तु कृतनिधाने किं विदध्याः परेण Mv.2.49.

-3 after (with abl.) स्तन्यत्यागात् परेण U.2.7. (c) परे

1 afterwards, thereupon; अथ तेन दशाहतः परे R.8.73.

-2 in future.

-Comp. -अङ्गम् the hinder part of the body.

-अङ्गदः an epithet of Śiva.

-अणुः See परमाणु; Bhāg.1.14.11.

-अदनः a horse found in the country of Persia or Arabia.

-अधिकारचर्चा officiousness, meddlesomeness.

-अधीन a. dependent on another, subject, subservient; अन्नमेषां पराधीनं देयं स्याद्भिन्नभाजने Ms.1.54,83; H.1.119.

-अन्तः final death. (

-ताः) m. (pl.) N. of a people.

-अन्तकः an epithet of Śiva.

-2 a frontier.

-अन्तकालः the time of death; ते ब्रह्मलोकेषु परान्तकाले परामृताः परिमुच्यन्ति सर्वे Muṇḍ.3.2.6.

-अन्न a. living or subsisting on another's food. (

-न्नम्) the food of another; परगृहललिताः परान्नपुष्टाः Mk.4.28. ˚परिपुष्टता being fed with the food of others; Y.3.241. ˚भोजिन् a. subsisting on the food of others; रोगी चिरप्रवासी परान्नभोजी परावसथशायी । यज्जीवति तन्मरणं यन्मरणं सो$स्य विश्रामः ॥ H.1.12.

- अपर a.

1 far and near, remote and proximate.

-2 prior and posterior.

-3 before and beyond, earlier and later.

-4 higher and lower, best and worst. (

-रः) a Guru of an intermediate class. (

-रम्) (in logic) a property intermediate between the greatest and smallest numbers, a species (as existing between the genus and individual); e. g. पृथ्वी which is पर with 1respect to a घट is अपर with respect to द्रव्य; द्रव्यत्वादिक- जातिस्तु परापरतयोच्यते Bhāṣā. P.8.

-अभिध्यानम् self-conceit; high opinion for self or body (देहाभिमान); स्वयं पराभिध्यानेन विभ्रंशितस्मृतिः Bhāg.5.14.1.

-अमृतम् rain.

- अयण (अयन) a.

1 attached or devoted to, adhering to.

-2 depending on, subject to.

-3 intent on, solely devoted to or absorbed in (at the end of comp.); प्रभुर्धनपरायणः Bh.2.56; so मोह˚; अथ मोहपरायणा सती विवशा कामवधूर्विबोधिता Ku.4.1; अग्निहोत्र˚ &c.

-4 connected with.

-5 being a protector (त्राता); अबर्हाश्चरणैर्हीनाः पूर्वेषां वः परायणाः Mb.1.23.4.

-6 leading or conducive to.

-(णम्) 1 the principal or highest objest, chief aim, best or last resort; एतत् परायणम् Praśna Up.1.1; तपसश्च परायणम् Rām.1.21.1; Mb.12.179.12.

-2 essence, sum.

-3 Ved. going away, departure, exit.

-4 firm devotion.

-5 a universal medicine, panacea.

-6 a religious order.

-अर्थ a.

1 having another aim or meaning.

-2 intended or designed for another, done for another.

(-र्थः) 1 the highest interest or advan- tage.

-2 the interest of another (opp. स्वार्थ); स्वार्थो यस्य परार्थ एव स पुमानेकः सतामग्रणीः Subhāṣ.; R.1.29.

-3 the chief or highest meaning.

-4 the highest object (i.e. sexual intercourse).

-5 the supreme good (मोक्ष); ज्ञात्वा प्रजहि कालेन परार्थमनुदृश्य च Mb.12.288.9.

-6 Something else. Hence परार्थता or परार्थत्व means 'being subsidiary to something else; परार्थता हि गुणभावः ŚB. on MS.4.3.

-7 an object which is meant for another's use (Sāṅ. Phil.); सङ्घातपरार्थत्वात् त्रिगुणादिविपर्ययादधिष्ठानात् Sāṅ. K.17. ˚वादिन् a. speaking for another; mediator, substitute.

-अर्थिन् a. striving for the supreme good. (

-र्थम् -र्थे) ind. for the sake of another.

-अर्धम् 1 the other part (opp. पूर्वार्ध); the latter half; दिनस्य पूर्वार्धपरार्धभिन्ना छायेव मैत्री खलसज्जनानाम् Bh.2.6.

-2 a particular high number; i. e. 1,,,,,; एकत्वादिपरार्धपर्यन्ता संख्या T. S.

-अर्धक a. One half of anything.

-अर्ध्य a.

1 being on the farther side or half.

-2 most distant in number; हेमन्तो वसन्तात् परार्ध्यः Śat. Br.

-3 most excellent, best, most exalted, highly esteemed, highest, supreme; R.3.27;8.27;1.64;16;39; आबद्धप्रचुरपरार्ध्यकिंकिणीकः Śi.8.45.

-4 most costly; Śi.4.11; श्रियं परार्ध्यां विदधद् विधातृभिः Bu. Ch.1.1.

-5 most beautiful or lovely, finest; R.6.4; परस्परस्पर्धिपरार्ध्यरूपाः पौरस्त्रियो यत्र विधाय वेधाः Śi.3.58.

-6 Divine: असावाटीत् सङ्ख्ये परार्ध्यवत् Bk.9.64.

(-र्ध्यम्) 1 a maximum.

-2 an infinite number.

- अवर a.

1 far and near; परावराणां स्रष्टारं पुराणं परमव्ययम् Mb.1.1.23.

-2 earlier and later.

-3 prior and posterior or subsequent.

-4 higher and lower.

-5 traditional; पुनाति पङ्क्तिं वंश्यांश्च सप्त सप्त परावरान् Ms.1. 15.

-6 all-including; परावरज्ञो$सि परावरस्त्वम् Mb.3.232. 18. (

-रा) descendants.

(-रम्) 1 cause and effect.

-2 the whole extent of an idea.

-3 the universe.

-4 totality. ˚ज्ञ, ˚दृश् a. knowing both the past and the future; परावरज्ञो ब्रह्मर्षिः Mb.1.6.5.

-अवसथ- शायिन् a. sleeping in another's house; H.1.12.

-अहः the next day.

-अह्णः the afternoon, the latter part of the day.

-आगमः attack of an enemy.

-आचित a. fostered or brought up by another. (

-तः) a slave.

-आत्मन् m. the Supreme Spirit.

-आयत्त a.

1 depend- ent on another, subject, subservient; परायत्तः प्रीतेः कथमिव रसं वेत्तु पुरुषः Mu.3.4.

-2 Wholly subdued or over- whelmed by.

-आयुस् m. an epithet of Brahman; नाहं परायुर्ऋषयो न मरीचिमुख्या जानन्ति यद्विरचितं खलु सत्त्वसर्गाः Bhāg.8.1.12.

-आविद्धः 1 an epithet of Kubera.

-2 of Viṣṇu.

-आश्रय a. dependent upon another.

(-यः) 1 dependence upon another.

-2 the retreat of enemies. (

-या) a plant growing on another tree.

-आसङ्गः dependence upon another.

-आस्कन्दिन् m. a thief, robber.

- इतर a.

1 other than inimical; i. e. friendly, kind.

-2 one's own; विधाय रक्षान् परितः परेतरान् Ki.1.14.

-ईशः 1 an epithet of Brahman.

-2 of Viṣṇu.

-इष्टिः N. of Brahman.

-इष्टुका a cow which has often calved.

-उत्कर्षः another's prosperity.

-उद्वहः the Indian cuckoo.

-उपकारः doing good to others, benevolence, beneficence, charity; परोपकारः पुण्याय पापाय परपीडनम्.

-उपकारिन् a. benevolent, kind to others.

-उपजापः causing dissension among enemies; परोपजापात् संरक्षेत् प्रधानान् क्षुद्रकान् अपि Kau. A.1.13.

-उपदेशः advising others; परोपदेशे पाण्डित्यम्.

-उपरुद्ध a. besieged by an enemy.

-उपसर्पणम् approaching another; begging.

-ऊढा another's wife.

-एधित a. fostered or brought up by another.

(-तः) 1 a servant.

-2 the (Indian) cuckoo.

-कर्मन् n. service for another. ˚निरतः a servant.

-कलत्रम् another's wife. ˚अभिगमनम् adultery; वरं क्लैब्यं पुसां न च परकलत्राभिगमनम् H.1.116.

-कायप्रवेशनम् entering another's body (a supernatural art).

-कारः The deeds of the enemy; राज्ञः समीपे परकारमाह प्रज्ञापनैषा विबि- धोपदिष्टा Kau. A.2.1.

-कार्यम् another's business or work. ˚निरतः

1 a benevolent man.

-2 a slave, servant.

-काल a. relating to a later time, mentioned later.

-कृतिः an example or precedent, a passage descriptive of the doings of men; MS.6.7.26.

-क्रमः doubling the second letter of a conjunction of consonants.

-क्रान्तिः f. inclination of the ecliptic.

-क्षेत्रम् 1 another's body.

-2 another's field; ये$क्षेत्रिणो बीजवन्तः परक्षेत्रप्रवापिणः । ते वै सस्यस्य जातस्य न लभन्ते फलं क्वचित् ॥ Ms.9.49.

-3 another's wife; तौ तु जातौ परक्षेत्रे Ms.3.175.

-गामिन् a.

1 being with another.

-2 relating to another.

-3 beneficial to another.

-गुण a. beneficial to another. (

-णः) the virtue of another; परगुणपरमाणून् पर्वतीकृत्य नित्यम् Bh.2.78.

-ग्रन्थिः joint (as of a finger); an articu- lation.

-ग्लानिः f. subjugation of an enemy; आत्मोदयः परग्लानिर्द्वयं नीतिरितीयती Śi.2.3.

-चक्रम् 1 the army of an enemy.

-2 invasion by an enemy, one of the six itis q. v.

-3 a hostile prince.

-छन्द a. dependent.

(-दः) 1 the will of another.

-2 dependence. ˚अनुवर्तनम् following the will of another.

-छिद्रम् a weak or vulnerable point of another, a defect in another.

-ज a.

1 stranger.

-2 coming from a foe.

-3 inferior.

-जनः a stranger (opp. स्वजन); शक्तः परजने दाता Ms.11.9.

-जन्मन् n. a future birth.

-जात a.

1 born of another.

-2 dependent on another for livelihood. (

-तः) a servant.

-जित a.

1 conquered by another.

-2 main- tained by another. (

-तः) the (Indian) cuckoo.

-तन्त्र a. dependent on another, dependent, subservient.

-तन्त्रम् (a common group of) subsidiaries belonging to another; जैमिनेः परतन्त्रापत्तेः स्वतन्त्रप्रतिषेधः स्यात् MS.12.1.8. (see तन्त्रम्).

-तर्ककः a suppliant, beggar; Dānasāgara, Bib- liotheca Indica, 274, Fascicule 1, p.15; also परतर्कुक.

-तल्पगामिन् m. One who approaches another man's wife.

-तार्थिकः The adherent of another sect.

-दाराः m. (pl.) another's wife; ˚अभिगमनम्, ˚अभिमर्षः Adultery.

-दारिन् m. an adulterer.

-दुःखम् the sorrow or grief of another; विरलः परदुःखदुःखितो जनः; महदपि परदुःखं शीतलं सम्यगाहुः V.4.13.

-देवता the Supreme Being.

-देशः a hostile or foreign country.

-देशिन् m. a foreigner.

-द्रोहिन्, -द्वेषिन् a. hating others, hostile, inimical.

-धनम् another's property.

-धर्मः 1 the religion of another; स्वधर्मे निधनं श्रेयः परधर्मो भयावहः Bg.3.35.

-2 another's duty or business.

-3 the duties of another caste; परधर्मेण जीवन् हि सद्यः पतति जातितः Ms.1.97.

-ध्यानम् absolute meditation or contemplation; ध्येये मनो निश्चलतां याति ध्येयं विचिन्तयत् । यत् तद् ध्यानं परं प्रोक्तं मुनिभिर्ध्यानचिन्तकैः ॥ Garuḍa P.

-निपातः the irregular posteriority of a word in a compound; i. e. भूतपूर्वः where the sense is पूर्वं भूतः; so राजदन्तः, अग्न्याहितः &c.

-निर्वाणम् the highest निर्वाण; (Buddh.).

-पक्षः the side or party of an enemy.

-पदम् 1 the highest position, eminence.

-2 final beati- tude.

-परिग्रह a. see पराधीन; स्ववीर्यविजये युक्ता नैते पर- परिग्रहाः Mb.7.144.22.

-हः another's property (as wife &c); यथा बीजं न वप्तव्यं पुंसा परपरिग्रहे Ms.9.42-3.

-परिभवः humiliation or injury suffered from others.

-पाकनिवृत्त a. One who does not depend on others for his sustenance and performs the पञ्चयज्ञs faultlessly and takes food in his own house.

-पाकरत a. one who depends upon others for his sustenance but performs the usual ceremonies before cooking; पञ्चयज्ञान् स्वयं कृत्वा परान्नमुपजीवति । सततं प्रातरुत्थाय परपाकरतस्तु सः ॥

-पाकरुचिः having a liking for others' food; परपाकरुचिर्न स्यादनिन्द्या- मन्त्रणादृते Y.1.112.

-पिण्डः another's food, food given by another. ˚अद् a., ˚भक्षक a. one who eats another's food or one who feeds at the cost of another; यादृशो$हं परपिण्डभक्षको भूतः Mk.8.25/26; (-m.) a servant. ˚रत a. feeding upon another's food; परपिण्डरता मनुष्याः Bh.

-पुरञ्जयः a conqueror, hero.

-पुरुषः 1 another man, a stranger.

-2 the Supreme Spirit, Viṣṇu.

-3 the hus- band of another woman.

-पुष्ट a.

1 fed or nourished by another.

-2 Stranger. (

-ष्टः) the (Indian) cuckoo. ˚महोत्सवः the mango tree.

-पुष्टा 1 the (Indian) cuckoo.

-2 a parasitical plant.

-3 a harlot, prostitute.

-पूर्वा a woman who has or had a former husband; Ms.3.166; पतिं हित्वा$पकृष्टं स्वमुत्कृष्टं या निषेवते । निन्द्यैव सा भवेल्लोके परपूर्वेति चोच्यते Ms.5.163.

-प्रतिनप्तृ m. son of the great grand son.

-प्रपौत्रः (see प्रतिनप्तृ).

-प्रेष्यः a servant, menial, slave.

-ब्रह्मन् n. the Supreme Spirit; cf. लीने परे ब्रह्मणि Bh. परे ब्रह्मणि को$पि न लग्नः Śaṅkara (चर्पटपञ्जरिका 7).

-भागः 1 another's share.

-2 superior merit.

-3 good fortune, prosperity.

-4 (a) excellence, superority, supremacy; दुरधिगमः परभागो यावत् पुरुषेण पौरुषं न कृतम् Pt.1.33;5.34. (b) excess, abundance, height; स्थलकमलगञ्जनं मम हृदय- रञ्जनम् जनितरतिरङ्गपरभागम् Gīt.1; आभाति लब्धपरभागतया- धरोष्ठे R.5.7; Ku.7.17; Ki.5.3;8.42; Śi.7.33; 8.51;1.86;12.15.

-5 the last part, remainder.

-भाव a. loving another.

-भावः the being second member in a compound.

-भाषा a foreign tongue.

-भुक्त a. enjoyed or used by another; परभुक्तां च कान्तां च यो भुङ्क्ते स नराधमः । स पच्यते कालसूत्रे यावच्चन्द्रदिवाकरौ ॥ Brav. P.

-भूत a. following, subsequent (as words).

-भृत् m. a crow (said to nourish the cuckoo).

-भृत a. nourished by another.

-भृतः, -ता the (Indian) cuckoo; (so called because she is nouri- shed by another i. e. by a crow); प्रागन्तरिक्षगमनात्- स्वमपत्यजातमन्यैर्द्विजैः परभृताः खलु पोषयन्ति Ś.5.22; Ku.6.2; R.9.43; Ś.4.1.

-भतम् 1 another's opinion.

-2 dif- ferent opinion or doctrine; heterodoxy.

-मर्मज्ञ a. knowing the secrets of another.

-मृत्युः a crow.

-रमणः a married woman's gallant or paramour; स्वाधीने पररमणे धन्यास्तारुण्यफलभाजः Pt.1.18.

-लोकः the next (or fur- ture) world; परलोकनवप्रवासिनः प्रतिपत्स्ये पदवीमहं तव Ku. 4.1. ˚गमः, ˚यानम् death. ˚विधि funeral rites; परलोक- विधौ च माधव स्मरमुद्दिश्य (निबपेः सहकारमञ्जरीः) Ku.4.38.

-वश, -वश्य a. subject to another, dependent, depen- dent on others; सर्वं परवशं दुःखं सर्वमात्मवशं सुखम्.

-वाच्यम् a fault or a defect of another; प्रकटान्यपि नैपुणं महत् परवाच्यानि चिराय गोपितुम् Śi.16.3.

-वाणिः 1 a judge.

-2 a year.

-3 N. of the peacock of Kārtikeya.

-वादः 1 rumour, report.

-2 Objection, controversy.

-वादिन् m. a disputant, controversialist.

-वेश्मन् n. the abode of the Supreme Being.

-व्रतः an epithet of Dhṛitarāṣṭra.

-शब्दः a word expressive of something else; परशब्दस्य परत्र वृत्तौ तद्वद् भावो गम्यते ŚB. on MS.7.2.1.

-श्वस् ind. the day after tomorrow.

-संगत a.

1 asso- ciated with another.

-2 fighting with another.

-संज्ञकः the soul.

-सवर्ण a. homogeneous with a following letter (in gram.).

-सात् ind. into the hands of an- other. ˚कृता a woman given in marriage.

-सेवा service of another.

-स्त्री another's wife.

-स्वम् another's pro- perty; व्यावृता यत् परस्वेभ्यः श्रुतौ तस्करता स्थिता R.1.27; Ms.7.123. ˚हरणम् seizing another's property.

-हन् a. killing enemies.

-हित a.

1 benevolent.

-2 profitable to another.

-तम् the welfare of another; सन्तः स्वयं परहिताभिहिताभियोगाः Bh.

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